Manhattan plots for the GWAS of (A) TP, (B) NAP, and (C) ALB.

<p>SNPs were plotted based on their physical chromosomal positions (horizontal axis) together with their –log₁₀ (<i>P-</i>values) in the GWAS (vertical axis). The black horizontal line shows the genome-wide significance threshold of <i>P</i> = 5.0×10⁻⁸. The SNPs for which <i>P</i>-values were smaller than 1.0×10⁻¹⁵ are indicated at the upper limit of the plots.</p

Summary results of the GWAS and the replication study of TP, ALB, and NAP.

a<p>A1/A2: major/minor alleles.</p>b<p>The effect of the minor allele on the normalized values based on an additive genetic model.</p>c<p>For the GWAS and replication analysis, <i>P</i>-values were obtained by linear regression test model, for the Meta analysis by inverse-variance method.</p>*<p>SNPs obtained by whole-genome imputation analysis.</p><p>Abbreviations: GWAS: genome-wide association study, MAF: minor allele frequency, TP: total protein, ALB: albumin, NAP: non-albumin protein, s.e: standard error.</p

Regional plots for the associations of the SNPs in the GWAS stage of TP, ALB and NAP.

<p>SNPs plotted with their –log₁₀ (<i>P</i>-values) in the GWAS based on their physical chromosomal positions. Genotyped SNPs are indicated as circles, while imputed SNPs are indicated as triangles. The color scheme indicated the linkage disequilibrium displayed as <i>r</i>² values between all SNPs and the top-ranked SNP in each plot. The tested trait, chromosomal locus, and the top-ranked SNPs (in purple color) in the GWAS and combined analyses together with their <i>P</i>-values are shown in each plot. The blue lines represent the recombination rates estimated based on HapMap Phase ΙΙ database. The plots were drawn using Locus Zoom software.</p

Association of the SNPs in the GWAS of the NAP with immunoglobulin isotypes.

a<p>The effect of the minor alleles on the standardized values.</p>b<p><i>P</i>-values for the associations of SNPs with each normalized immunoglobulin isotype obtained by using a linear regression model.</p><p>Abbreviations: s.e: standard error, %EV: percentage of the explanatory variance.</p

Characteristics of the examined proteins.

a<p>M±S.D: mean value±standard deviation of each protein is indicated in g/dl except for IgE, which is indicated as IU/ml.</p>b<p>Age and body mass index (BMI) are indicated as mean values±standard deviation.</p>*<p>Log-transformed values were applied in the analysis.</p><p>Abbreviations: GWAS: genome-wide association study, TP: total protein, ALB: albumin, NAP: non-albumin protein.</p

Association of rs364663 with age at menarche.

*<p>Effect size and S.E. of allele1 on age at menarche (year per allele) and P-values were obtained by inverse-variance method.</p

Results from meta-analysis of four genome-wide association studies.

<p>A total of 15,495 female samples were analyzed in this study.</p

Characteristics of study population.

<p>Characteristics of study population.</p

Association results in Japanese woman of previously identified SNPs with age at menarche in Caucasian woman.

<p>Genotyping result of 15,495 Japanese subjects were anlayzed in this study. Imputed SNPs with R2 of less than 0.7 were excluded from this analysis. A1 frequency of JPT were those from release 24 Hapmap JPT. N.D.; no data. References: 1 Elks et al Nat Genet 2010, 2 He et al Nature Genet 2009, 3 Liu et al Plos Genet 2009. P-value of 0.0015 (0.05/33) was set at the significant threshold for this candidate analysis.</p>*<p>:Effect size and S.E. of allele1 on age at menarche (year per allele) and P-values were obtained by inverse-variance method.</p>**<p>Concordance of association direction between this study and the previous report.</p

Building counter culture: the radical praxis of social movement milieux

This thesis falls into two parts. The first (chapters one to three) states the problematic of the research, develops a critique of the dominant “social movements” literature as unhelpful for understanding the counter culture and argues that the latter can more effectively be theorised in terms of the implicit theory of social movement found within agency-oriented Western Marxism and socialist feminism. This latter theory is developed as an understanding of movement as direction, developing from the local rationalities of everyday life through articulated but partial campaigns to a “movement project” which attempts to deploy such local rationalities to restructure the social whole. Within these terms, it argues for an understanding of counter culture as a movement project from below within disorganised capitalism. This mode of analysis is seen as that of a historical sociology geared to the production of open concepts which can be used by participants to theorise the context of their own choices. The second part (chapters four to eight) theorises the issues involved in researching social movements within this perspective, entailing the need to engage with tacit knowledge, to thematise conflicts and collusion between researcher and participants. The findings chapters use qualitative interviews from a Dublin movement milieu to develop an analysis, grounded in participation, of the local rationalities of the counter culture. In this section the key findings are a rationality of autonomy as self-development, which is shown to underlie processes of distancing and problems of commitment, and a rationality of radicalised reflexivity, which resolves the problem of institutionalisation through the deployment of a wide range of “techniques of the self”. The analysis attempts to locate this reading within the life-histories of participants but also within the historical development of the counter culture, examplifying the ability of the concepts developed in this thesis to engage with the problems facing participants