Susceptibility index and allelic frequency of the point mutations, L982W and S989P, in VSSC in <i>Aedes aegypti</i> collected in used tires in Vietnam.

Susceptibility index and allelic frequency of the point mutations, L982W and S989P, in VSSC in Aedes aegypti collected in used tires in Vietnam.</p

Allelic frequency of the point mutations, L982W and S989P, in VSSC in <i>Aedes aegypti</i> collected in used tires in Vietnam.

Allelic frequency of the point mutations, L982W and S989P, in VSSC in Aedes aegypti collected in used tires in Vietnam.</p

Correlation of susceptibility indices and the frequencies of L982W and F1534C at each collection site in Vietnam (2006–2008).

Correlation of susceptibility indices and the frequencies of L982W and F1534C at each collection site in Vietnam (2006–2008).</p

Distribution map of the point mutations in VSSC in <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> collected in Vietnam.

Circles in the left graph indicate the susceptibility indices based on a simplified knockdown bioassay. Pie charts in the middle and right graphs indicate the frequency of the point mutations, F1534C (modified from Kawada et al. [8]) and L982W. The shapefile was extracted from the GADM database (www.gadm.org).</p

Larval and adult susceptibility against <i>d</i>-allethrin and frequency of point mutations in VSSC in the <i>Aedes aegypti</i> colonies collected in southern Vietnam.

Larval and adult susceptibility against d-allethrin and frequency of point mutations in VSSC in the Aedes aegypti colonies collected in southern Vietnam.</p

Genotyping of the L982W and F1534C point mutations in <i>Aedes aegypti</i> collected in Vietnam (2006–2008).

Genotyping of the L982W and F1534C point mutations in Aedes aegypti collected in Vietnam (2006–2008).</p

Distribution and co-occurrence of the point mutations, L982W, S989P, V1016G, and F534C in 259 samples of <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> collected in Vietnam (2006–2008).

Distribution and co-occurrence of the point mutations, L982W, S989P, V1016G, and F534C in 259 samples of Ae. aegypti collected in Vietnam (2006–2008).</p

Map showing the mosquito sampling places (north, central, south, and highland area) in 2006–2008, and the provinces where the laboratory-reared <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> colonies were collected.

The shapefile was extracted from the GADM database (www.gadm.org).</p

Results of regression models.

<p>In all cases pairwise Fst is the dependent variable. Bold indicates P<0.01 for Pearson and P<0.001 for multiple linear regression.</p><p>¹Predictors excluded before running the model because the square root of Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) was >10.</p><p>²Predictors included in the model, but dropped by the stepwise analysis.</p><p>³Regression coefficients of the predictors confirmed by the model. Refer to <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003829#pntd.0003829.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a> for detailed description of the predictors.</p><p>Results of regression models.</p

STRUCTURE bar plots.

<p>Each individual is represented by a vertical bar whose colors show the probability to be assigned to specific clusters. Populations are separated by vertical black lines and identified by the numbers at the bottom (<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003829#pntd.0003829.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003829#pntd.0003829.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>). K = number of genetic clusters. Overall, a low level of genetic structure was detected. At K6 and K9 most populations from busy ports show genetic admixture, while most populations from idle ports are genetically clustered (compare with <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003829#pntd.0003829.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3</a>).</p