Effects of NIR Reflective Film as a High Tunnel-Covering Material on Fruit Cracking and Biomass Production of Tomatoes

Tomatoes require higher irradiance, although the incidence of physiological disorders in fruit increases at high temperatures. Near-infrared (800–2500 nm) (NIR) reflective materials are effective tools to suppress rising air temperatures in greenhouses. We examined the physiological and morphological changes in tomato growth and fruit quality when grown in a high tunnel covered with NIR reflective film (NR) and in another covered with polyolefin film (PO; control). There was no relationship between the fruit cracking rate and mean daytime temperature under NR. The fruit temperature at the same truss was lower and the increase in air temperature was slow under NR. Fruit dry matter (DM) content under NR was also significantly decreased. These findings suggest that the reduction in fruit cracking under NR results from a decrease in fruit DM content as a consequence of lower fruit temperature and a decrease in total DM (TDM). Total fruit yield did not differ, whereas TDM was significantly decreased under NR. This was considered to result from a lower transmitted photosynthetic photon flux density (400–700 nm) (PPFD) and LAI, and lower photosynthetic capacity in single leaves because of a decrease in both total nitrogen and chlorophyll content. We conclude that NR film reduces fruit cracking in exchange for a slight reduction in TDM

Host-seeking ticks collected in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

<p>Host-seeking ticks collected in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of <i>glpQ</i> in <i>Borrelia</i> spp.

<p>The tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method based on the Kimura two-parameter model. The phylogenetic branches were supported by >70% according to the bootstrap analysis. The bar indicates the percentage of sequence divergence. <i>Borrelia</i> sp. BF-16 (accession no. AB529436), <i>Borrelia</i> sp. Tick98M (AB529432), <i>Borrelia</i> sp. TA2 (AB529434), and <i>Borrelia</i> sp. Tortoise14H1 (AB529431) were used as outgroups (data not indicated). Pointing arrows and bold type indicate the results obtained in the present study. Numbers in parentheses represent GenBank accession numbers.</p

Larval ticks prepared from engorged females collected from wild boar or sika deer in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture.

<p>Larval ticks prepared from engorged females collected from wild boar or sika deer in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture.</p