英語科教育における教育実習生の指導について(3) : 「全体指導」を通じて実習生が学ぶこと

教育実習は主に授業観察と授業実習からなり, 自分や他人の授業を分析する力をつけ, 反省会等も通じて学んだことを, 短期間で次の授業に反映させることが求められる。「全体指導」では, 授業実習を始める前に実習生全員で同じ授業を観察させ, 教案を書かせてみたり, 指導教官が与えたいくつかの観点を柱に討論を経験させるが, 実習生は非常に前向きな態度で参加する。特に教育学部以外の実習生について言えば, 本校での教育実習に参加する以前に英語の授業について考える機会が不足しているようで, 総じて「全体指導」を高く評価する。同じ教材であっても様々な授業展開があることに驚きを感じることの多い実習生が, 分析の観点を持って様々な意見を他の実習生に聞くことにより, その現象に納得することができるようである。本稿はその「全体指導」の内容と実習生が「全体指導」をどのように評価しているかについてまとめたものである

spERt Technology: A novel strategy to improve productivity through enhanced polyribosome assembly on the endoplasmic reticulum in CHO cells

In cell line development process, it is frequently observed that increased mRNA levels do not always correlate with protein expression levels in CHO cells. In line with this gap, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in CHO cells is much less proliferated as compared with that in terminally differentiated (i.e., professional) secretory cells, suggesting that there is still room to improve their specific productivity if translational efficiency on the ER can be up-regulated. Here we present a novel engineering approach (spERt Technology) to improve specific production rates by mimicking the ER translational apparatus of professional secretory cells. In spERt Technology, we exploit the unique factors that are required for translationally active polyribosome formation on the ER to directly enhance the translational efficiency (1, 2). A high antibody (Ab) producing clone generated by a novel screen using flow cytometry (3) was used as a model cell line. The factors were introduced into the high producer and a series of the spERt Technology - introduced cell lines were generated Among these cell lines, we selected one of the best clones (spERt-f9) having stable and high productivity. Polyribosome analysis of these cell lines revealed that enhanced assembly of the ER polyribosomes as expected (1). Consistent with the highly developed polyribosomes, the spERt-introduced cell lines produced higher levels of Ab than that of parental cells, and showed prominent increase of specific production rates. Further optimization of feeding process resulted in remarkable increase of productivity in spERt-f9 cells: Ab titers of 7.6 g/L and 9.5 g/L on day 14 and 17, respectively, were achieved in shake flask fed-batch cultures by using chemically defined media. Importantly, high cell viabilities were maintained in spERt-f9 cells throughout the culture periods. In addition, lower glucose consumption and reduced accumulation of ammonia were observed. Product quality in these cells were analyzed and compared with that in the parental cells. In conclusion, spERt Technology enables to improve productivity of high Ab producers, associated with reduced accumulation of waste metabolites and high cell viabilities

Cyclophilin-B Modulates Collagen Cross-linking by Differentially Affecting Lysine Hydroxylation in the Helical and Telopeptidyl Domains of Tendon Type I Collagen

Covalent intermolecular cross-linking provides collagen fibrils with stability. The cross-linking chemistry is tissue-specific and determined primarily by the state of lysine hydroxylation at specific sites. A recent study on cyclophilin B (CypB) null mice, a model of recessive osteogenesis imperfecta, demonstrated that lysine hydroxylation at the helical cross-linking site of bone type I collagen was diminished in these animals (Cabral, W. A., Perdivara, I., Weis, M., Terajima, M., Blissett, A. R., Chang, W., Perosky, J. E., Makareeva, E. N., Mertz, E. L., Leikin, S., Tomer, K. B., Kozloff, K. M., Eyre, D. R., Yamauchi, M., and Marini, J. C. (2014) PLoS Genet. 10, e1004465). However, the extent of decrease appears to be tissue- and molecular site-specific, the mechanism of which is unknown. Here we report that although CypB deficiency resulted in lower lysine hydroxylation in the helical cross-linking sites, it was increased in the telopeptide cross-linking sites in tendon type I collagen. This resulted in a decrease in the lysine aldehyde-derived cross-links but generation of hydroxylysine aldehyde-derived cross-links. The latter were absent from the wild type and heterozygous mice. Glycosylation of hydroxylysine residues was moderately increased in the CypB null tendon. We found that CypB interacted with all lysyl hydroxylase isoforms (isoforms 1–3) and a putative lysyl hydroxylase-2 chaperone, 65-kDa FK506-binding protein. Tendon collagen in CypB null mice showed severe size and organizational abnormalities. The data indicate that CypB modulates collagen cross-linking by differentially affecting lysine hydroxylation in a site-specific manner, possibly via its interaction with lysyl hydroxylases and associated molecules. This study underscores the critical importance of collagen post-translational modifications in connective tissue formation

A Study on the Methods for “Child Study”: Through the Quantitative Analyses of the Theses Appeared in the Journals and Researchers\u27 Perspectives

わが国では，さまざまな学問分野において子どもを対象とした研究が行われ，多くの成果が蓄積されてきた.しかし，それらの研究がどのような関心や観点からどのような手法を用いて行われてきたのかを論じたものはごくわずかしかない.本稿では，今後の子ども研究の発展のための基礎的作業として，以下の2つのアプローチにより，「子ども研究」の方法に関する考察を行った.第1に，教育学関連の学会誌3誌を取り上げ，そこでの子ども研究の動向の数量的分析を行った.その結果，①全論文に占める「子ども研究」の割合，②研究テーマ，③注目する「生活/教育の場」，④分析方法の4点に関して，学会誌別，年代別の動向が明らかにされた.第2に，子どもを社会化される/発達する存在と見なす伝統的パースペクティブに対して，近年新たなパースペクティブによる実証的研究が蓄積されつつある.ここでは，そうした新たなパースペクティブを，①「小さな大人」としての子ども，②「異文化」としての子ども，③新しい社会化論という3つの流れとしてとらえることで，近年の「子ども研究」の動向が考察された.最後に，以上の考察の結果から，子ども研究の課題として以下の点が提示された.①当事者である子どもそれ自体に焦点をあてた研究や，教育現場で必要とされている問題に寄与する研究の蓄積，②研究の目的に応じた調査手法やパースペクティブの柔軟な選択

Speaking Practices Designed to Improve Presentation Skills and Their Effect on High School Students’ Oral Performance

この研究は，口頭発表活動に必要な技術を身につける実践を通じて，発話力の伸びを検証することを目的とした実証的研究である。高校１年生の実験クラスを対象に，物語の紹介を目的とする，パターン化された構成で行うプレゼンテーション形式の活動を一定期間行い，ポストテストにおける発話を統制クラスと比較した結果，流暢さの面で向上が見られた。実験クラスの経験した発表活動では，パターン化された情報構造で発話内容を考えるため，活動時の発話過程において，概念化の段階で受ける認知的負荷が軽減され，言語化に向ける認知資源を増やすことができ，流暢さが高まったと考えられる。The present study takes an empirical approach to assessing the effect of speaking practice designed to improve presentation skills. First-year high-school students repeatedly engaged in book-talk activities for a certain period of time. During the activities, they were given a speaking format to facilitate their performance. At the end of the instruction period, students’ speaking fluency was measured, analyzed, and compared with that of a control group. The comparative analysis demonstrates that the students’ fluency improves substantially when they are provided with a speaking format. The result supports the hypothesis that this format helps to lessen the students’ cognitive load at the initial conceptualization stage and instead helps to save cognitive resources for successive stages of speech production, which consequently enhances the students’ speaking performance

英語科教育における教育実習の指導について(4) : 全体指導がもたらす教育実習生の意識の向上

当校英語科では, 実習生を一同に集めて, 多くの実習生が深い関心を持つ傾向にある6つのトピックについて講義・演習を行う「全体指導」を実施している。授業の準備・実際・評価のそれぞれの段階で授業を省みる視点を与えることで, 実習中の反省会が活発になることや, 実習終了後も自己成長し続けるようになることが全体指導の目標である。これは従来でも指導されてきたことでもあるが, 全体指導を実施するのは, 実習生が共通の体験を持つことで, より活発に意見を交換し, 授業に臨む意識を更に向上させる契機となることを期待するものである。本稿は, (1)全体指導の目標を振り返り, (2)1999年度の全体指導を概観し, (3)これまで3年間(5期)に実施した全体指導に対する実習生のアンケートを分析する。特にアンケート分析は, 実習生が全体指導を通じて, 授業に臨む意識がどのように向上するかを具体的に示すものである

A novel LC–MS method using collagen marker peptides for species identification of glue applicable to samples with multiple animal origins

Abstract Animal glues derived from collagen-rich tissue are widely used as adhesives and binders in artworks. Identification of the animal source of glue is important not only to understand the artistic technique and historical background, but also to conduct appropriate treatment for restoration and conservation of artworks. Recently, mass spectrometric approaches have been used for species identification of glue. However, it appears that the existing methods were not applied to samples containing multiple animal sources, and the range of target species has been limited because of incomplete sequence information of collagen in public databases. In the present study, we established a novel method for discrimination of glues from eight animals applicable to samples with multiple animal origins. Trypsin-digested glue samples were analyzed by LC–MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode, and the animal source was determined based on the detection patterns of 12 type I collagen-derived marker peptides. Using the database-independent method, we successfully identified the animal source of commercial products and found the declared species for some glues to be incorrect. In addition, some products were identified to contain two different animal origins. Relative abundance of the animal origins in several impure glues was estimated using the marker peptides, which helped to speculate the reason for the detection of multiple species. We analyzed a painting (The Harvest by Camille Pissarro, 1882) and clarified that glues used in the ground and size layers of the canvas were derived from cattle (~ 65%) and sheep (~ 35%)

英語科教育における教育実習生の指導について(2) : 授業観察とその後の演習を通じての全体指導

教育実習の最大の目的は,「授業を成立させる力」をつけることにあろうが,この力については教授が容易な技術と,そうでない技術に分けられると考えてよいであろう。特に後者は授業を通じて獲得されるものであるが,実習生の人数と教官の持ち時間の関係で限られた時間しか実際に授業の経験ができない。この点を克服するために,実習生全体に,(1)ビデオで録画した授業を媒介にした授業観察の指導とその後の指導案を考える演習,(2)指導案通りに進まない時の対処法についての講義,(3)発問の分類や発問を考え出す演習等を行った。初めての試みであったが参加した実習生には好評で,異なる学年を教える実習生がグループの枠を越えて多様な意見を交換することで,多くを学んだようである。本稿はその実践報告と,指導教官や実習生からのフィードバック等から得られた今後の課題からなる