Additional file 1 of Effects of others’ gaze and facial expression on an observer’s microsaccades and their association with ADHD tendencies

Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure 1. Eye movements and microsaccade detections during fixation. Supplementary Figure 2. Average microsaccadic rates and the function of detection threshold λ. Supplementary Figure 3. Relationship between the peak velocity and the amplitude of detected microsaccades and their histograms

Coordinates for the brain areas activated in Suppress-negative vs. Look-negative.

<p>Height threshold: <i>p</i> < .001 uncorrected, Extent threshold: <i>k</i> = 5 voxels. The x, y, and z coordinates by which a voxel is determined referring to medial–lateral (x: positive = right), anterior–posterior (y: positive = anterior), and superior–inferior (z: positive = superior) positions denote the peak location on the MNI template. T-scores denote the difference between the two sample means compared with the dispersion and sample sizes of the two samples.Z-scores are the numbers from the unit normal distribution that give the same p value as the t statistic. Abbreviations: BA = Brodmann area; MNI = Montreal Neurological Institute template.</p><p>Coordinates for the brain areas activated in Suppress-negative vs. Look-negative.</p

Neural activity for Suppress-negative (A) and Observe-negative (B) contrasted with Look-negative (<i>p</i> < .001 uncorrected).

<p>Regions with significantly greater activation in Suppress-negative compared to Look-negative condition included the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG; BA47). During Observe-negative compared to Look-negative, there was greater activation in the precentral gyrus (BA6), IFG (BA44), superior frontal gyrus (SFG; BA6/8), middle temporal gyrus (MTG; BA21/22), inferior parietal lobule (IPL; BA40), putamen, and anterior insula (AI; BA13).</p

VAS scores for negative affect after each coping strategy (bars represent standard errors).

<p>Significant differences were found for the comparisons of Look-neutral vs. other conditions and Look-negative vs. Suppress-negative, and Observe-negative. The two types of emotion regulation strategies were effective for regulation of subjective emotion.</p

Neural Networks for Mindfulness and Emotion Suppression

<div><p>Mindfulness, an attentive non-judgmental focus on “here and now” experiences, has been incorporated into various cognitive behavioral therapy approaches and beneficial effects have been demonstrated. Recently, mindfulness has also been identified as a potentially effective emotion regulation strategy. On the other hand, emotion suppression, which refers to trying to avoid or escape from experiencing and being aware of one’s own emotions, has been identified as a potentially maladaptive strategy. Previous studies suggest that both strategies can decrease affective responses to emotional stimuli. They would, however, be expected to provide regulation through different top-down modulation systems. The present study was aimed at elucidating the different neural systems underlying emotion regulation via mindfulness and emotion suppression approaches. Twenty-one healthy participants used the two types of strategy in response to emotional visual stimuli while functional magnetic resonance imaging was conducted. Both strategies attenuated amygdala responses to emotional triggers, but the pathways to regulation differed across the two. A mindful approach appears to regulate amygdala functioning via functional connectivity from the medial prefrontal cortex, while suppression uses connectivity with other regions, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Thus, the two types of emotion regulation recruit different top-down modulation processes localized at prefrontal areas. These different pathways are discussed.</p></div

Coordinates of the brain areas whose connectivity with the amygdala was positively correlated with regional amygdala activity during Suppress-negative vs. Look-negative.

<p>Height threshold: <i>p</i> < .001 uncorrected, Extent threshold: <i>k</i> = 5 voxels. The x, y, and z coordinates by which a voxel is determined referring to medial–lateral (x: positive = right), anterior–posterior (y: positive = anterior), and superior–inferior (z: positive = superior) positions denote the peak location on the MNI template. T-scores denote the difference between the two sample means compared with the dispersion and sample sizes of the two samples. Z-scores are the numbers from the unit normal distribution that give the same p value as the t statistic. Abbreviations: BA = Brodmann area; MNI = Montreal Neurological Institute template.</p><p>Coordinates of the brain areas whose connectivity with the amygdala was positively correlated with regional amygdala activity during Suppress-negative vs. Look-negative.</p

Correlation between regional AMG activity and functional connectivity to the AMG.

<p>The figures show brain regions that have more negative functional connectivity with the AMG when AMG responses were reduced during Suppress-negative (A) and Observe-negative (B) contrasted with Look-negative (<i>p</i> < .001 uncorrected).</p

Coordinates of the brain areas activated in Observe-negative vs. Look-negative.

<p>Height threshold: <i>p</i> < .001 uncorrected, Extent threshold: <i>k</i> = 5 voxels. The x, y, and z coordinates by which a voxel is determined referring to medial–lateral (x: positive = right), anterior–posterior (y: positive = anterior), and superior–inferior (z: positive = superior) positions denote the peak location on the MNI template. T-scores denote the difference between the two sample means compared with the dispersion and sample sizes of the two samples. Z-scores are the numbers from the unit normal distribution that give the same p value as the t statistic. Abbreviations: BA = Brodmann area; MNI = Montreal Neurological Institute template.</p><p>Coordinates of the brain areas activated in Observe-negative vs. Look-negative.</p

Neural response in the left AMG ROI in each condition (bars represent standard errors).

<p>The response to Look-negative was significantly stronger than the response to Look-neutral. The response to Suppress-negative and Observe-negative was significantly lower than the response to Look-negative, although the difference between Observe-negative and Look-negative was marginal.</p

Values of spectral analysis and sleep variables for the sleep control (SC) and sleep debt (SD) sessions; <i>t</i> and <i>p</i>-values for SC vs. SD with the paired <i>t</i>-test.

<p>Data are expressed as mean (standard deviation) values; SC, sleep control; SD, sleep debt; SWS, slow wave sleep.</p><p>SWS_{2 h}, slow wave sleep of first 2 h from sleep onset; Delta_{2 h}, Delta wave power (0.5–4 Hz) of first 2 h from sleep onset.</p><p>Degrees of freedom (df) = 13.</p