Carrier transport properties of the Group-IV ferromagnetic semiconductor Ge1-xFex with and without boron doping

We have investigated the transport and magnetic properties of group-IV ferromagnetic semiconductor Ge1-xFex films (x = 1.0 and 2.3 %) with and without boron doping grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). In order to accurately measure the transport properties of 100-nm-thick Ge1-xFex films, (001)-oriented silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers with an ultra-thin Si body layer (~5 nm) were used as substrates. Owing to the low Fe content, the hole concentration and mobility in the Ge1-xFex films were exactly estimated by Hall measurements because the anomalous Hall effect in these films was found to be negligibly small. By boron doping, we increased the hole concentration in Ge1-xFex from ~1018 cm-3 to ~1020 cm-3 (x = 1.0%) and to ~1019 cm-3 (x = 2.3%), but no correlation was observed between the hole concentration and magnetic properties. This result presents a contrast to the hole-induced ferromagnetism in III-V ferromagnetic semiconductors

The use of conditioned motivating operations (CMOs) in mand training for children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review

The concept of the establishing operation/motivating operation (MO) provides a useful approach for understanding motivational variables in operant conditioning. Since Michael elaborated the concept of the conditioned motivating operation (CMO), three CMO subtypes (i.e., surrogate, reflexive, transitive) have been applied in the analysis of behaviour. The aims of the current review are (a) to identify the types of CMO used in mand training, (b) to identify the stimuli functioning as CMOs in the MO manipulation procedures, and (c) to analyse the effectiveness of MO manipulation procedures in mand training. The current systematic review identifies, between 1982 and 2022, 61 studies using MO manipulation procedures to teach new mand responses to children with autism spectrum disorder. All studies used transitive CMOs in mand training. Various stimuli functioned as CMOs in a range of procedures, the most common being hiding an item from view. The evaluation of effect sizes showed that mand training using CMOs had medium to strong effects in 66% of the participants in increasing their independent mand responses. Implications for practitioners and suggestions for future research on mand training using CMOs are discussed

Exploring the Base of the Volcano: A Case Study of an Active Stratovolcano, Mt. Zao, NE Japan

It is very important to explore the base of large volcanoes because older volcanoes with distinct petrological characteristics are sometimes hidden behind them. Such older volcanoes provide keys to investigate the change of magma genesis and tectonic setting during geological time. We newly found an older volcano in southern part of Zao volcano, located in Japan. We have investigated in detail the eruptive products outcropping in its southern part and found that some eruptive rocks with peculiar features form a new stratovolcano which is different from Zao volcano. We call this newly found volcano, the Hiyamizuyama volcano. We have performed K-Ar dating on the representative rocks, obtaining an old age of approximately 1.45 My. The rocks are calcalkaline andesites to dacites, having distinct chemical compositional features with respect to any other calcalkaline rock of the stages 2–6 of Zao volcano. Megacrystals and plutonic intrusions represent a distinct character of the eruptive rocks of the Hiyamizuyama volcano. The finding of this older volcano is also important in order to consider the long-term temporal variation of volcanism and magmatism in the northeastern sector of Japan