Gaze Cuing Effects in Peripheral Vision

When we see another person’s gaze, spatial attention shifts toward the gaze direction. Thus, a gaze perceiver can more quickly respond to a forthcoming target when it appears in a direction of a gaze giver than when it does not. This phenomenon is termed the gaze cuing effect. Previous studies have investigated the gaze cuing effect only in foveal vision; hence, it remains unclear whether the gaze cuing effect is induced when a face is presented in peripheral vision. This is an important issue because in our daily lives we communicate not only with people in front of us but also with those in our periphery. To tackle this question, we manipulated vertically aligned locations of a facial stimulus (i.e., a face stimulus appeared above or below the center fixation) and tested the extent to which a gaze cuing effect, conveyed by gaze shifts of another, is observed in the periphery. The facial stimulus was located 0, ±2.5, ±5.0, and ±7.5° of the visual angle from the center of the display, and a target was presented 5.6° to the left or right of the center of the display. In Experiment 1, when participants responded to the location of an abrupt onset of a target (i.e., localization task), we observed significant gaze cuing effects when a facial stimulus was located 0, ±2.5, and ±5.0°, but not ±7.5°. In Experiment 2, we replicated the findings in Experiment 1 if participants pressed a key only when a target appeared (i.e., detection task). In Experiment 3, we used adjusted sizes of facial images based on the cortical representations and manipulated eye directions of the facial images oriented toward the possible target locations; it resulted in enlarged effective field of view for gaze cuing effects. The study reveals that gaze cuing effects can appear even in peripheral vision and within a vertical distance of 5.0° of the visual angles, but the effective field of view is expanded when the facial image is adjusted based on the cortical representations, and eye gaze directly looks at the possible target locations

β_2-インデグランド ニ カイゴウスル シンキ ヒト GPI アンカー タンパクシツ GPI-80 ニタイスル タンクローン コウタイ ワ ヒト タンキュウ ノ macropinocytosis オ センタクテキ ニ ゾウキョウ スル

We have shown previously that neutrophils and small population of human monocytes have a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) -anchored protein, GPI-80 on their surface. In a study of neutrophils, we reported that GPI-80 regulates the adherence and migration. In this study, we examined the functions of GPI-80 in monocytes. Treatment of monocytes with monoclonal antibody (mAb) to GPI-80 enhanced pinocytosis of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dextran but not that of lucifer yellow and low-density lipoprotein. This treatment neither changed phagocytosis, adherence nor reactive oxygen production of monocytes. These results suggest that GPI-80 modulates fluid phase macropinocytosis of high molecular weight molecules, but not that of low molecular weight ones, clathrin-dependent pinocytosis, phagocytosis, adherence and reactive oxygen production. Treatment of neutrophils with mAbs to GPI-80 did not change macropinocytosis of FITC-labeled dextran, suggesting that the functions of GPI-80 on macropinocytosis of high molecular weight molecules are different between neutrophils and monocytes. This study, first reported GPI-80 function on monocytes, implies that GPI-80 may be one of the molecules associated with macropinocytosis on monocytes.　Key words: macropinocytosis, monocytes, GPI -anchored protei

An Examination of “Independent Reader” Concept and Developing

In this paper，When it is focused on the terms "self" of readers, what readers or have been aimed at the development of, and also should aim. This will be the purpose of this paper to be discussed. As a method, after you organize for the previous research, we discuss study and its development of "independent readers" concept using the "The Dialogical Self" concept

学習者の自己内対話を促す文学的文章の読みの学習指導に関する研究

内容の要約広島大学(Hiroshima University)博士(教育学)Doctor of Philosophy in Educationdoctora

A Study on the Reader’s Self-dialogue in Literary Reading : A clue to the process of self-dialogue of Ryunosuke Akutagawa “Rashoumon”

In this paper, I consider the self-dialogue of the reader in the literary reading. First, I overviewed theory “The Dialogical self” by H. Hermans. It revealed a process of self-dialogue of the reader as a clue that. Second, using a Ryunosuke Akutagawa “Rashoumon”, it was considered a model of self-dialogue of the reader. As a result, along with the reveal the process of reading of being based on multiple of the readers of self, it was able to reveal the value of as a teaching tool of Ryunosuke Akutagawa “Rashoumon”. The literature there is a function to activate the self-dialogue, the reader is thereby obtain a new noticed

Non-LTE Line-Formation and Abundances of Sulfur and Zinc in F, G, and K Stars

Extensive statistical-equilibrium calculations on neutral sulfur and zinc were carried out, in order to investigate how the non-LTE effect plays a role in the determination of S and Zn abundances in F, G, and K stars. Having checked on the spectra of representative F-type stars (Polaris, Procyon, and alpha Per) and the Sun that our non-LTE corrections yield a reasonable consistency between the abundances derived from different lines, we tried an extensive non-LTE reanalysis of published equivalent-width data of S I and Zn I lines for metal-poor halo/disk stars. According to our calculations, S I 9212/9228/9237 lines suffer significant negative non-LTE corrections amounting to <~ 0.2--0.3 dex, while LTE is practically valid for S I 8683/8694 lines. Embarrassingly, as far as the very metal-poor regime is concerned, a marked discordance is observed between the [S/Fe] values from these two abundance indicators, in the sense that the former attains a nearly flat plateau (or even a slight downward bending) while the latter shows an ever-increasing trend with a further lowering of metallicity. The reason for this discrepancy is yet to be clarified. Regarding Zn, we almost confirmed the characteristic tendencies of [Zn/Fe] reported from recent LTE studies (i.e., an evident/slight increase of [Zn/Fe] with a decrease of [Fe/H] for very metal-poor/disk stars), since the non-LTE corrections for the Zn I 4722/4810 and 6362 lines (tending to be positive and gradually increasing towards lower [Fe/H]) are quantitatively of less significance (<~ 0.1 dex).Comment: 33 pages, 7 figures, PASJ, Vol. 57, No. 5 (2005) in pres