Comparisons of AHI, PLMS index and amount of RWA among the three patient groups.

<p>AHI, apnea hypopnea index; PLMS, periodic limb movements during sleep; RWA, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep without atonia; NA, narcolepsy; CA, cataplexy; IHS w/o LST, idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time; NREM, non-REM; EMG, electromyogram.</p

Comparisons of comorbidity rate of SRBD, PLMS, and RBD like symptoms and findings of RWA.

<p>NA, narcolepsy; CA, cataplexy; IHS w/o LST, idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; OAHI, obstructive apnea hypopnea index; CSA, central sleep apnea; CAHI, central apnea hypopnea index; PLMS, periodic limb movements during sleep; REM, rapid eye movement; RBD, REM sleep behavior disorder; RWA, REM sleep without atonia.</p><p>^a) abnormal REM sleep behaviors on nocturnal video-polysomnography and findings of RWA</p><p>Values are expressed as number of patients (%).</p><p>* <i>P</i>< .01 compared to values in the other groups</p><p>Comparisons of comorbidity rate of SRBD, PLMS, and RBD like symptoms and findings of RWA.</p

Clinical data and measures of nocturnal polysomnography and multiple sleep latency test of the three patient groups.

<p>NA, narcolepsy; CA, cataplexy; IHS w/o LST, idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; BMI, body mass index; n-PSG, nocturnal polysomnography; REM, rapid eye movement; SOREMP, sleep onset REM sleep period; MSLT, multiple sleep latency test; n.s., not significant. ES, effect size.</p><p>Values are expressed as mean±standard deviation.</p><p>Percentage of naps with SOREMP was calculated as follows; (the number of naps with SOREMP)/(the number of total naps)*100.</p><p>*Effect size was estimated by Cramer’s V for 2*3 Chi-square test and r for Kruskal-Wallis test (> = 0.10, small effect; > = 0.30, medium effect; > = 0.50, large effect).</p><p>^a) P< .01 versus NA w/o CA,</p><p>^b) P< .01 versus IHS w/o LST.</p><p>Clinical data and measures of nocturnal polysomnography and multiple sleep latency test of the three patient groups.</p

Correlations between self-reported measures.

<p><i>Note</i>. AIS = Athens Insomnia Scale; DBAS = Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep scale; Pre = at baseline; Post = at the end of treatment;</p><p>**<i>p</i><0.01,</p><p>*<i>p</i><0.05.</p

Summary of path analyses.

<p><i>Note</i>. AIS = Athens Insomnia Scale; M = Model; <i>p</i> (<i>ΔR²</i>) = significance of change;</p>a<p>indicates difference between DBAS scores at baseline and at the end of treatment;</p>b<p>analysis of variance for Model 3 showed that multiple <i>R</i> was 0.57, multiple <i>R²</i> (adj.) was 0.30, and <i>F</i> ratio was 12.00 (<i>df₁</i> = 2, <i>df₂</i> = 50, <i>p</i> = 0.00).</p

Two alternate path models.

<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0102565#pone-0102565-g001" target="_blank"><i>Figure 1</i></a>. Two alternative path models, with severity of insomnia at baseline as the predictive variable of severity (of insomnia) at the end of treatment: a direct model, in which AIS-T1 has a direct effect on AIS-T2; and a mediated model, in which the effects of AIS-T1 on AIS-T2 are exerted via a change in dysfunctional sleep-related beliefs. Standardized regression coefficients (β) are listed for each path. The paths expressed with solid arrows are statistically significant (<i>p</i><0.01), and those expressed with dashed arrows are not significant. AIS-T1 = Athens Insomnia Scale scores at baseline; AIS-T2 = Athens Insomnia Scale scores at the end of the treatment.</p

Circadian PER2 protein oscillations do not persist in cycloheximide-treated mouse embryonic fibroblasts in culture

<p>It is not known whether the endogenous mammalian core clock proteins sustain measurable oscillations in cells in culture where <i>de novo</i> translation is pharmacologically inhibited. We studied here the mammalian core clock protein PER2, which undergoes robust circadian oscillations in both abundance and phosphorylation. With a newly developed antibody that enables tracing the endogenous PER2 protein oscillations over circadian cycles with cultured mouse embryonic fibroblast cells, we provide evidence that PER2 does not persist noticeable circadian rhythms when translation is inhibited.</p

Logistic regression analysis of the associated factors for the long-term use of hypnotics (n = 140).

<p>CI denotes confidence intervals.</p><p>ns =  not significant; PSQI =  Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SDS =  Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale.</p><p>Logistic regression analysis of the associated factors for the long-term use of hypnotics (n = 140).</p

Comparison of PSQI total and sub-item scores between the baseline and the end of the treatment period, and comparison of changes in these scores between the discontinued group and the long-term use group from the baseline to the end of the treatment period.

a)<p>The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for comparison of the scores between the 2 time points.</p>b)<p>The Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of the changes in these scores between the 2 groups.</p><p>Values are expressed as means ±SD for continuous variables.</p><p>*<i>p</i><0.01;</p><p>**<i>p</i><0.05; PSQI =  Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.</p><p>Comparison of PSQI total and sub-item scores between the baseline and the end of the treatment period, and comparison of changes in these scores between the discontinued group and the long-term use group from the baseline to the end of the treatment period.</p

Comparison of demographic variables between the discontinued group and the long-term use group.

<p>Values are expressed as means ±SD. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for the comparison of continuous variables between the 2 groups as follows: age, duration of insomnia morbidity, dose of hypnotics, and SDS and PSQI scores. The chi-square test was used for the comparison of categorical variables between the 2 groups as follows: sex, marital status, educational background, occupation, and half-life of hypnotic.</p><p>ns =  not significant; SDS =  Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale; PSQI =  Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.</p><p>Comparison of demographic variables between the discontinued group and the long-term use group.</p