Soil carbon storage at different depths for saline and alkaline soils.

<p>Shown in (a) percentage of soil carbon, and (b) mean soil carbon density and standard error.</p

Mean residence times of SIC and SDIC and standard error at different soil layers in the saline and alkaline soil profiles.

<p>Mean residence times of SIC and SDIC and standard error at different soil layers in the saline and alkaline soil profiles.</p

Mean rate of SIC and SDIC accumulation and standard error at different soil layers in the saline and alkaline soil profiles.

<p>Mean rate of SIC and SDIC accumulation and standard error at different soil layers in the saline and alkaline soil profiles.</p

Mean SIC and SDIC content and standard error in the saline and alkaline soil profiles.

<p>Mean SIC and SDIC content and standard error in the saline and alkaline soil profiles.</p

The changes of mean pH and EC values and standard error in the soil-water extracts by centrifugation.

<p>The changes of mean pH and EC values and standard error in the soil-water extracts by centrifugation.</p

Concentration-Gradient-Dependent Ion Current Rectification in Charged Conical Nanopores

Ion current rectification (ICR) in negatively charged conical nanopores is shown to be controlled by the electrolyte concentration gradient depending on the direction of ion diffusion. The degree of ICR is enhanced with the increasing forward concentration difference. An unusual rectification inversion is observed when the concentration gradient is reversely applied. A numerical simulation based on the coupled Poisson and Nernst–Planck (PNP) equations is proposed to solve the ion distribution and ionic flux in the charged and structurally asymmetric nanofluidic channel with diffusive ion flow. Simulation results qualitatively describe the diffusion-induced ICR behavior in conical nanopores suggested by the experimental data. The concentration-gradient-dependent ICR enhancement and inversion is attributed to the cooperation and competition between geometry-induced asymmetric ion transport and the diffusive ion flow. The present study improves our understanding of the ICR in asymmetric nanofluidic channels associated with the ion concentration difference and provides insight into the rectifying biological ion channels

Drilling Nanopores in Graphene with Clusters: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Using molecular dynamics simulation with empirical potentials, we show that energetic cluster ion beam is a powerful tool to drill nanopores in graphene, which have been proved to possess the potential applications in nanopore-based single-molecule detection and analysis such as DNA sequencing. Two types of clusters are considered, and different cluster size and incident energies are used to simulate the impact events. Our results demonstrate that by choosing suitable cluster species and controlling its energy, a nanopore with expected size and quality could be created in a graphene sheet. Furthermore, suspended carbon chains could be formed at the edge of the nanopore via adjusting the ion energy, which provided a feasible way to decorate the nanopore with chemical methods such as adsorption of large molecules or foreign atoms for biosensing applications

Drilling Nanopores in Graphene with Clusters: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Using molecular dynamics simulation with empirical potentials, we show that energetic cluster ion beam is a powerful tool to drill nanopores in graphene, which have been proved to possess the potential applications in nanopore-based single-molecule detection and analysis such as DNA sequencing. Two types of clusters are considered, and different cluster size and incident energies are used to simulate the impact events. Our results demonstrate that by choosing suitable cluster species and controlling its energy, a nanopore with expected size and quality could be created in a graphene sheet. Furthermore, suspended carbon chains could be formed at the edge of the nanopore via adjusting the ion energy, which provided a feasible way to decorate the nanopore with chemical methods such as adsorption of large molecules or foreign atoms for biosensing applications

Drilling Nanopores in Graphene with Clusters: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Using molecular dynamics simulation with empirical potentials, we show that energetic cluster ion beam is a powerful tool to drill nanopores in graphene, which have been proved to possess the potential applications in nanopore-based single-molecule detection and analysis such as DNA sequencing. Two types of clusters are considered, and different cluster size and incident energies are used to simulate the impact events. Our results demonstrate that by choosing suitable cluster species and controlling its energy, a nanopore with expected size and quality could be created in a graphene sheet. Furthermore, suspended carbon chains could be formed at the edge of the nanopore via adjusting the ion energy, which provided a feasible way to decorate the nanopore with chemical methods such as adsorption of large molecules or foreign atoms for biosensing applications

Drilling Nanopores in Graphene with Clusters: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Using molecular dynamics simulation with empirical potentials, we show that energetic cluster ion beam is a powerful tool to drill nanopores in graphene, which have been proved to possess the potential applications in nanopore-based single-molecule detection and analysis such as DNA sequencing. Two types of clusters are considered, and different cluster size and incident energies are used to simulate the impact events. Our results demonstrate that by choosing suitable cluster species and controlling its energy, a nanopore with expected size and quality could be created in a graphene sheet. Furthermore, suspended carbon chains could be formed at the edge of the nanopore via adjusting the ion energy, which provided a feasible way to decorate the nanopore with chemical methods such as adsorption of large molecules or foreign atoms for biosensing applications