Генератор пара для гидротермообработки сельскохозяйственного оборудования

The paper highlights the importance of keeping the working surfaces of agricultural machinery clean and describes the existing modern equipment for its cleaning. (Research purpose) To develop a biofuel system for cleaning machines, equipment and tools in the field. It is proposed to apply a mobile steam generator using wood, chocks, straw and other agricultural waste as a fuel and capable of providing pressure of 5 kilograms per square centimeter and a temperature of 150 degrees Celsius. (Materials and methods) The paper describes the algorithm of the steam generator operation and presents its main technical characteristics and the design diagram. Theoretical calculations of the air consumption for the constant and adjustable air supply systems are provided. (Results and discussion) It has been established that one load of 8 kilograms of biofuel and 6 liters of water ensures 20-25 minutes of intense steam production. The steam generator was equipped with two systems for supplying air to the furnace, a safety valve for dumping steam at excess pressure. The boiler has a built-in superheater that ensures the necessary steam characteristics at the boiler outlet. (Conclusions) The developed steam generator reveals the following advantages: mobility, use of biofuel, a 20-25 minutes continuous supply of superheated steam at one load. The new unit is designed for long-term operation and it is capable of not only defrosting and cleaning a frozen manure conveyor, a manure trolley, a spreader, and loader working bodies, but also warming up larger agricultural machinery. It is also suitable for sanitizing seed harvesting and livestock equipment in the field.Реферат. Отметили негативные стороны загрязнения рабочих поверхностей сельскохозяйственной техники. Описали существующее современное оборудование для ее очистки. (Цель исследования) Разработать систему очистки машин, оборудования и инструмента в полевых условиях с помощью мобильного генератора пара, способного обеспечить давление 5 килограммов на квадратный сантиметр и температуру 150 градусов Цельсия и работать на биотопливе (дровах, чурках, соломе и других отходах сельскохозяйственного производства). (Материалы и методы) Описали алгоритм работы парогенератора. Представили его основные технические характеристики, схему устройства. Теоретически рассчитали расход воздуха для систем постоянной и регулируемой подачи воздуха. (Результаты и обсуждение) Установили, что при одной загрузке 8 килограммов биотоплива и 6 литров воды время активной выработки пара составляет 20-25 минут. Генератор пара оснастили двумя системами подачи воздуха в топку, предохранительным клапаном сброса пара при избыточном давлении. В котел встроили пароперегреватель, обеспечивающий необходимые характеристики пара на выходе из котла. (Выводы) Выявили преимущества разработанного генератора пара: мобильность, использование биотоплива, непрерывная подача перегретого пара на одной загрузке в течение 20-25 минут. Заключили, что новая установка предназначена для продолжительной работы и способна не только разморозить и обработать примерзший навозоуборочный транспортер, тележку и разбрасыватель навоза, рабочие органы погрузчиков, но и разогреть более крупную сельхозтехнику. Она пригодна также для санобработки посевного уборочного и животноводческого оборудования в полевых условиях

The District Heating in the Context of the Active Consumers Development in Smart Energy Systems

The paper defines the main factors of the smart energy systems that influence on the district heating. Noted increase in the regulatory impact of electric energy system on the district heating and increase in roles of the distribution and consumption of thermal energy. Urban population and other consumers of energy become equal partners of the utilities and acquire the status of "active" consumers. The heating supply companies need to develop a new model of management of heating regimes with dynamic synchronization with energy system and "active" consumers. One of the most important conditions of the achievement of the cost reduction, reliability and quality increase in community facilities is active consumer's behavior

Peasant settlers and the ‘civilizing mission’ in Russian Turkestan, 1865-1917

This article provides an introduction to one of the lesser-known examples of European settler colonialism, the settlement of European (mainly Russian and Ukrainian) peasants in Southern Central Asia (Turkestan) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It establishes the legal background and demographic impact of peasant settlement, and the role played by the state in organising and encouraging it. It explores official attitudes towards the settlers (which were often very negative), and their relations with the local Kazakh and Kyrgyz population. The article adopts a comparative framework, looking at Turkestan alongside Algeria and Southern Africa, and seeking to establish whether paradigms developed in the study of other settler societies (such as the ‘poor white’) are of any relevance in understanding Slavic peasant settlement in Turkestan. It concludes that there are many close parallels with European settlement in other regions with large indigenous populations, but that racial ideology played a much less important role in the Russian case compared to religious divisions and fears of cultural backsliding. This did not prevent relations between settlers and the ‘native’ population deteriorating markedly in the years before the First World War, resulting in large-scale rebellion in 1916

Trial operation of material protection, control, and accountability systems at two active nuclear material handling sites within the All-Russian Institute of Experimental Physics (VNIIEF)

This paper discusses Russian Federal Nuclear Center (RFNC)-VNIIEF activities in the area of nuclear material protection, control, and accounting (MPC and A) procedures enhancement. The goal of such activities is the development of an automated systems for MPC and A at two of the active VNIIEF research sites: a research (reactor) site and a nuclear material production facility. The activities for MPC and A system enhancement at both sites are performed in the framework of a VNIIEF-Los Alamos National Laboratory contract with participation from Sandia National Laboratories, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and PANTEX Plant in accordance with Russian programs supported by MinAtom. The American specialists took part in searching for possible improvement of technical solutions, ordering equipment, and delivering and testing the equipment that was provided by the Americans

Program for upgrading nuclear materials protection, control, and accounting at all facilities within the All-Russian Institute of Experimental Physics (VNIIEF)

As part of the Department of Energy-Russian program for strengthening nuclear material protection, control, and accounting (MPC and A), plans have now been formulated to install an integrated MPC and A system at all facilities containing large quantities of weapons-usable nuclear material within the All-Russian Institute of Experimental Physics (VNIIEF, Arzamas-16) complex. In addition to storage facilities, the complex houses a number of critical facilities used to conduct nuclear physics research and facilities for developing procedures for disassembly of nuclear weapons

Demonstration of safeguards technology at the Russian Institute of Experimental Physics (VNIIEF), Arzamas-16

As part of the US-Russian Lab-to-Lab program for strengthening nuclear material protection, control, and accounting (MPC&A), a testbed facility has been established in a laboratory of the VNIIEF to demonstrate safeguards technology to nuclear facility operators. The design of the testbed MPC&A system provides the functions of nondestructive measurements for plutonium and highly enriched uranium, item control, personnel access control, radiation portal monitoring, search equipment, and computerized on-line accounting. The system controls, monitors, and accounts for nuclear material and people as the material moves through three MBAs. It also assists with physical inventory taking. A total of 39 instruments and control systems are being demonstrated in the present version of the testbed. Of these, about half are of Russian design and fabrication, including the software for the item monitoring and the accounting systems. These two computer systems are on an ethernet network and connected in a client-server local area architecture. The item monitoring system is integrated with the accounting system, providing alarm and status information to a central dispatcher terminal. The operation of the MPC&A testbed has been demonstrated under routine and alarm conditions in collaboration with safeguards staff from the six participating US national labs. Workshops and training for Russian nuclear facility operators are in progress. As needs for additional MPC&A technology at specific plants are identified, these are incorporated into the testbed and used to certify the hardware and software for implementation at the plant

Effect of internal radiation on the solid–liquid interface shape in low and high thermal gradient Czochralski oxide growth

International audienc

Study of possibility using LANL PSA-methodology for accident probability RBMK researches

The reactor facility probabilistic safety analysis methodologies are considered which are used at U.S. LANL and RF NIKIET. The methodologies are compared in order to reveal their similarity and differences, determine possibilities of using the LANL technique for RBMK type reactor safety analysis. It is found that at the PSA-1 level the methodologies practically do not differ. At LANL the PHA, HAZOP hazards analysis methods are used for more complete specification of the accounted initial event list which can be also useful at performance of PSA for RBMK. Exchange of information regarding the methodology of detection of dependent faults and consideration of human factor impact on reactor safety is reasonable. It is accepted as useful to make a comparative study result analysis for test problems or PSA fragments using various computer programs employed at NIKIET and LANL