Number of unigenes related to intestinal digestive enzymes.

<p>x-axis indicates the corresponding number of unigenes and y-axis indicates the specific unigenes related to intestinal digestive enzymes. Three hundred and ninety-four protease-related unigenes were identified in <i>M</i>. <i>alternatus</i> Hope transcriptome. <b>(I) Number of specific unigenes related to serine proteases in intestinal digestive enzymes</b>. The icon indicates specific unigenes. The number in brackets indicates the corresponding number of unigenes.</p

Number of unigenes related to immune-related molecules.

<p>x-axis indicates the corresponding number of unigenes and y-axis indicates the specific unigenes related to immune-related molecules. 478 unigenes were identified related to immune molecules and receptors in the transcriptome. This group contains 20 widely recognized immune factors. <b>(I) Number of specific unigenes related to IMD pathway in immune-related molecules. (II) Number of specific unigenes related to Toll pathway in immune-related molecules</b>. The icon indicates specific unigenes. The number in brackets indicates the corresponding number of unigenes.</p

Number of unigenes related to RNAi.

<p>x-axis indicates the corresponding number of unigenes and y-axis indicates the specific unigenes related to RNAi. Forty-two unigenes coding for RNAi identified in the database, 26 of them were larger than 600 bp (61.90%) and 23 were more than 1 kb (54.76%).</p

Unigenes length distribution.

<p>The y-axis number has been converted into logarithmic scale.</p

Characteristics of the homology search of Illumina sequences against the NR database.

<p>(A) E-value distribution of the BLAST hits for each unique sequence with a cut-off E-value of 1.0E^-5. (B) Species distribution of the BLASTX results. The first hit of each sequence was used for further <i>in silico</i> analysis.</p

Putative P450 genes identified in <i>Monochamus alternatus</i> Hope.

<p>Putative P450 genes identified in <i>Monochamus alternatus</i> Hope.</p

Sequence statistics of the Illumina sequencing assembly.

<p>Sequence statistics of the Illumina sequencing assembly.</p

Number of unigenes related to pesticide receptors and resistance-related genes.

<p>x-axis indicates the number of unigenes, y-axis indicates the specific unigenes related to pesticide receptors and resistance-related genes. Seven hundred and fifty-nine insecticide receptors and resistance-related unigenes were identified in <i>M</i>. <i>alternatus</i> transcriptome.</p

Number of unigenes related to possible future insect control targets.

<p>x-axis indicates the corresponding number of unigenes and y-axis indicates the specific unigenes related to possible future insect control targets. 465 possible future insect control targets unigenes were found in <i>M</i>. <i>alternatus</i> Hope transcriptome. Among these, 117 unigenes had a length above 600 bp and 87 above 1 kb. <b>(I) Number of specific unigenes related to Serine Peptidase in possible future insect control targets</b>. The icon indicates specific unigenes. The number in brackets indicates the corresponding number of unigenes. Serine carboxypeptidase, serine-type endopeptidase and others belongs to the serine peptidases.</p

Identification of Genes Relevant to Pesticides and Biology from Global Transcriptome Data of <i>Monochamus alternatus</i> Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Larvae

<div><p><i>Monochamus alternatus</i> Hope is the main vector in China of the Pine Wilt Disease caused by the pine wood nematode <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i>. Although chemical control is traditionally used to prevent pine wilt disease, new strategies based in biological control are promising ways for the management of the disease. However, there is no deep sequence analysis of <i>Monochamus alternatus</i> Hope that describes the transcriptome and no information is available about gene function of this insect vector. We used next generation sequencing technology to sequence the whole fourth instar larva transcriptome of <i>Monochamus alternatus</i> Hope and successfully built a <i>Monochamus alternatus</i> Hope transcriptome database. In total, 105,612 unigenes were assigned for Gene Ontology (GO) terms, information for 16,730 classified unigenes was obtained in the Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs) database, and 13,024 unigenes matched with 224 predicted pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG). In addition, genes related to putative insecticide resistance-related genes, RNAi, the Bt receptor, intestinal digestive enzymes, possible future insect control targets and immune-related molecules are described. This study provides valuable basic information that can be used as a gateway to develop new molecular tools for <i>Monochamus alternatus</i> Hope control strategies.</p></div