Purification and Identification of Peptides from Hydrilla verticillata (Linn. f.) Royle with Cytoprotective and Antioxidative Effect against H₂O₂‑Treated HepG2 Cells

Antioxidant peptides were purified from Hydrilla verticillata (Linn. f.) Royle (HVR) protein hydrolysate by ultrafiltration, gel filtration chromatography, and semipreparative reversed-phase HPLC and identified by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Therein, TCLGPK and TCLGER were selected to be synthesized, and they displayed desirable radical-scavenging activity to ABTS (99.20 ± 0.56–99.20 ± 0.43%), DPPH (97.32 ± 0.59–97.56 ± 0.97%), hydroxyl radical (54.32 ± 1.27–70.42 ± 2.01%), and superoxide anion (42.93 ± 1.46–52.62 ± 1.11%) at a concentration of 0.96 μmol/mL. They possessed a cytoprotective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. 1.6 μmol/mL of the two peptides could perfectly protect HepG2 cells from H2O2-induced injury. The TCLGPK exhibited higher antioxidant activity and cytoprotective effect than TCLGER. Western blot and molecular docking results indicated that the two peptides achieved antioxidant ability and cytoprotective effect by combining with Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) to activate the Keap1–nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)–antioxidant response elements signaling pathway, leading to the activity and expression of the related antioxidases in the pathway significantly up-regulating and the intracellular reactive oxygen species level, lipid peroxidation, and cell apoptosis rate significantly down-regulating

Relationship between cumulative carbon emission fromsoil respiration (mean±1SD) with incubation time (day) at uphill (a,b) and downhill slope (c,d).

<p>Dashed, dashed with dot, and solid lines represented the fitted relationship of soil respiration under bare soil (CK), cultivation of citrus (CO), and citrus intercropped with soybean (CB) with incubation time, respectively.</p

P-values of repeated measures analysis for soil respiration using land use practices (L) as between-subject effect and incubation time (T) as within-subject effects.

<p>P-values of repeated measures analysis for soil respiration using land use practices (L) as between-subject effect and incubation time (T) as within-subject effects.</p

Variation of soil respiration (mean±1SD) at uphill (a,b) and downhill slope (c,d) across incubation time.

<p>Variation of soil respiration (mean±1SD) at uphill (a,b) and downhill slope (c,d) across incubation time.</p

Relationship between the cumulative carbon emission from soil respiration and soil nutrients and water availability.

<p>TC, TN, SM, DOC, and MBC represented total carbon, total nitrogen, soil moisture, and microbial biomass carbon content, respectively. Dashed and solid lines represented the fitted lines between soil respiration and soil properties at uphill and downhill slope, respectively.</p

Response of total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), organic matter (OM), soil moisture (SM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and pH (mean±1SD) to bare soil (CK), citrus cultivation only (CO), and citrus intercropped with soybean (CB).

<p>Response of total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), organic matter (OM), soil moisture (SM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and pH (mean±1SD) to bare soil (CK), citrus cultivation only (CO), and citrus intercropped with soybean (CB).</p

MOESM1 of Wentong decoction cures allergic bronchial asthma by regulating the apoptosis imbalance of EOS

Additional file 1. The minimum standards of reporting checklist

Patients with Exon 19 Deletion Were Associated with Longer Progression-Free Survival Compared to Those with L858R Mutation after First-Line EGFR-TKIs for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

<div><p>Backgrounds</p><p>It has been extensively proved that the efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) is superior to that of cytotoxic chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harboring sensitive EGFR mutations. However, the question of whether the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs differs between exon 19 deletion and exon 21 L858R mutation has not been yet statistically answered.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Subgroup data on hazard ratio (HR) for progression-free survival (PFS) of correlative studies were extracted and synthesized based on random-effect model. Comparison of outcomes between specific mutations was estimated through indirect and direct methods, respectively.</p><p>Results</p><p>A total of 13 studies of advanced NSCLC patients with either 19 or 21 exon alteration receiving first-line EGFR-TKIs were included. Based on the data from six clinical trials for indirect meta-analysis, the pooled HRTKI/chemotherapy for PFS were 0.28 (95% CI 0.20–0.38, P<0.001) in patients with 19 exon deletion and 0.47 (95% CI 0.35–0.64, P<0.001) in those with exon 21 L858R mutation. Indirect comparison revealed that the patients with exon 19 deletion had longer PFS than those with exon 21 L858R mutation (HR19 exon deletion/exon 21 L858R mutation  = 0.59, 95% CI 0.38–0.92; P = 0.019). Additionally, direct meta-analysis showed similar result (HR19 exon deletion/exon 21 L858R mutation  = 0.75, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.85; P<0.001) by incorporating another seven studies.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>For advanced NSCLC patients, exon 19 deletion might be associated with longer PFS compared to L858 mutation at exon 21 after first-line EGFR-TKIs.</p></div

Profile summarizing the trial flow.

<p>CI  =  confidence interval; EGFR  =  epidermal growth factor receptor; HR  =  Hazard ratio; PFS  =  progression-free survival; TKI  =  tyrosine kinase inhibitor.</p

Direct comparison of TKI versus chemotherapy in EGFR exon 21 L858R mutations cohort in terms of HR for PFS. CI = confidence interval; EGFR = epidermal growth factor receptor; HR = Hazard ratio; PFS = progression-free survival; TKI = tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

<p>Direct comparison of TKI versus chemotherapy in EGFR exon 21 L858R mutations cohort in terms of HR for PFS. CI  =  confidence interval; EGFR  =  epidermal growth factor receptor; HR  =  Hazard ratio; PFS  =  progression-free survival; TKI  =  tyrosine kinase inhibitor.</p