Magnetic resonance imaging study of corpus callosum abnormalities in patients with different subtypes of schizophrenia

Background. Reductions in the size of the corpus callosum (CC) have been described for schizophrenia patients, but little is known about the possible regional differences in schizophrenia subtypes (paranoid, disorganised, undifferentiated, residual).  Methods. We recruited 58 chronically schizophrenic patients with different subtypes, and 31 age-and-gender matched healthy controls. The callosum was extracted from a midsagittal slice from T1 weighted magnetic resonance images, and areas of the total CC, its five subregions, CC length and total brain volume were compared between schizophrenia subtypes and controls. Five subregions were approximately matched to fibre pathways from cortical regions.  Results. Schizophrenia patients had reduced CC total area and length when compared with controls. Disorganised and undifferentiated schizophrenics had a smaller prefrontal area, while there was no significant difference for the paranoid and residual groups. The premotor/supplementary motor area was smaller in all schizophrenia subtypes. The motor area was smaller only in the disorganised group. A smaller sensory area was found in all subtypes except the residual group. Parietal, temporal and occipital areas were smaller in the paranoid and undifferentiated groups. Total brain volume was smaller in all schizophrenia subtypes compared with controls, but did not reach statistical significance.  Conclusion. These findings suggest that the heterogeneity of symptoms may lead to the different CC morphological characteristics in schizophrenia subtypes

The effects of amlodipine and platelet rich plasma on bone healing in rats

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of calcium channel blocker (CCB) amlodipine (AML), platelet rich plasma (PRP), and a mixture of both materials on bone healing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: group A, tibia defect model with no treatment; group B, tibia defect model treated with AML, 0.04 mg daily by oral gavage; group C, tibia defect model treated with local PRP; group D, tibia defect model treated with local PRP and AML, 0.04 mg daily by oral gavage. RESULTS: At day 21, bone healing was significantly better in groups C and D compared to group A (P<0.05), but comparisons showed no statistically significant difference in group B (P>0.05). At day 30, groups B and C showed no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) compared to group A, but bone healing in group D was significantly better than in group A (P<0.05). Statistically, AML did not affect alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity at 21 and 30 days (P>0.05), but PRP and AML + PRP increased ALP activity statistically (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that AML had neither a positive nor a negative effect on bone healing, but when used in combination with PRP, it may be beneficial

Median Sinirin Kompleks Varyasyonu: Olgu Sunumu

During routine dissections we saw complex variation of median nerve in the right arm of anadult male cadaver. Lateral cord continued as lateral root of median nerve without giving offmusculocutaneous nerve and it formed median nerve joining with medial root of median nervewhich arises from medial cord. There was a communicating accessory branch 2.5 cm longrunning obliquely between the cords which formed the median nerve. Coracobrachialis musclewas innervated by a thin branch arising from lateral cord. Median nerve given two branches ata point 9 cm distal to its formation. First branch supplied to biceps brachii, the second branchcontinued as brachial muscle’s nerve and lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. Main trunk passedthrough the cubital fossa and ran along the forearm following the normal course of mediannerve. We think it is important that clinicians performing surgical procedures or nerve blocksin this region should consider this variation in order to avoid failures and complicationsRutin diseksiyon sırasında yetişkin erkek kadavranın sağ kolunda kompleks bir median sinirvaryasyonu gördük. Lateral fasikül muskulokutanöz sinir terminal dalını vermeden mediansinirin lateral kökü olarak devam etmekte ve medial fasikülden gelen median sinirin medialkökü ile birleşerek median siniri oluşturmaktaydı. Median siniri oluşturan bu iki fasikül arasındaoblik olarak seyreden 2,5 cm uzunluğunda birleştirici aksesuar bir dal mevcuttu. Korakobrakialkas lateral fasikülden gelen ince bir dal tarafından innerve edilmişti. Median sinir oluşumunun9 cm distalinde iki dal vermişti. İlk dal biseps braki kasını innerve etmişti, ikinci dal ise brakialiskasının siniri ve lateral antebrakial kutanöz sinir olarak devam etmişti. Ana gövde ise kubitalfossa içinden geçip median sinirin normal seyrini izleyerek önkol boyunca uzanmıştı.Klinisyenlerin bu bölgedeki cerrahi işlemleri ve sinir bloklarını yaparken bu varyasyonu gözönünde bulundurmasının başarısız girişimleri ve komplikasyonları önlemek için önemliolduğunu düşünmekteyi

Congenital defect of the anterior arch of the Atlas: A case report and review of the literature

[Anstract Not Available

Age-related volumetric changes in pancreas: a stereological study on computed tomography

(1) To explore age-related changes in the volume of the pancreas on computed tomography (CT) images calculated by the method of Cavalieri. (2) To investigate the relationship between these changes and body mass index (BMI), gender, abdominal diameter, abdominal skinfold thickness. We retrospectively reviewed abdominal CT examinations of 272 adults between the ages of 20-88 years. There were seven groups of patients, with 40 patients (only ninth decade has 32 patients) for each decade. Pancreatic volume (PV) was found to be 63.68 +/- A 15.08 cm(3) in females, 71.75 +/- A 15.99 cm(3) in males (mean value of both groups, 67.71 +/- A 16.03 cm(3)). Maximum value of PV was found in the fourth decade in females, males and also for mean of both groups (73.50, 84.21 and 78.85 cm(3), respectively). PV remained constant until similar to 60 years of age. Thereafter, it gradually decreased in both genders. There was a negative correlation between PV and age (p < 0.001, r: -0.473). We found positive correlation between PV and BMI, sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), transverse abdominal diameter (TAD), anterior subcutaneous adipose tissue thicknesses (ASAT), posterior subcutaneous adipose tissue thicknesses (PSAT), bilateral subcutaneous adipose tissue thicknesses (BSAT). Quantitative data may allow clinicians to better estimate age-related PV changes and help them in decision making