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Comparative Analysis of Duckweed Cultivation with Sewage Water and SH Media for Production of Fuel Ethanol

<div><p>Energy crises and environmental pollution have caused considerable concerns; duckweed is considered to be a promising new energy plant that may relieve such problems. <i>Lemna aequinoctialis</i> strain 6000, which has a fast growth rate and the ability to accumulate high levels of starch was grown in both Schenk & Hildebrandt medium (SH) and in sewage water (SW). The maximum growth rates reached 10.0 g DW m⁻² day⁻¹ and 4.3 g DW m⁻² day⁻¹, respectively, for the SH and SW cultures, while the starch content reached 39% (w/w) and 34% (w/w). The nitrogen and phosphorus removal rate reached 80% (SH) and 90% (SW) during cultivation, and heavy metal ions assimilation was observed. About 95% (w/w) of glucose was released from duckweed biomass hydrolysates, and then fermented by Angel yeast with ethanol yield of 0.19 g g⁻¹ (SH) and 0.17 g g⁻¹ (SW). The amylose/amylopectin ratios of the cultures changed as starch content increased, from 0.252 to 0.155 (SH) and from 0.252 to 0.174 (SW). <i>Lemna aequinoctialis</i> strain 6000 could be considered as valuable feedstock for bioethanol production and water resources purification.</p></div

Mucus Penetration of Surface-Engineered Nanoparticles in Various pH Microenvironments

The penetration behavior of nanoparticles in mucous depends on physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles and the mucus microenvironment, due to particle–mucin interactions and the presence of the mucin mesh space filtration effect. To date, it is still unclear how the surface properties of nanoparticles influence their mucus penetration behaviors in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In this study, we have prepared a comprehensive library of amine-, carboxyl-, and PEG-modified silica nanoparticles (SNPs) with controlled surface ligand densities. Using multiple particle tracking, we have studied the mechanism responsible for the mucus penetration behaviors of these SNPs. It was found that PEG- and amine-modified SNPs exhibited pH-independent immobilization under iso-density conditions, while carboxyl-modified SNPs exhibited enhanced movement only in weakly alkaline mucus. Biophysical characterizations demonstrated that amine- and carboxyl-modified SNPs were trapped in mucus due to electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding with mucin. In contrast, high-density PEGylated surface formed a brush conformation that shields particle–mucin interactions. We have further investigated the surface property-dependent mucus penetration behavior using a murine airway distribution model. This study provides insights for designing efficient transmucosal nanocarriers for prevention and treatment of pulmonary diseases

Reducing sugar analysis of hydrolyzates of duckweed grown in Schenk & Hildebrandt medium (SH) and sewage water (SW). Glc: glucose, Gal: galactose, Man: mannose.

<p>Different letters indicate significant differences between different conditions (<i>p</i><0.05)</p><p>Reducing sugar analysis of hydrolyzates of duckweed grown in Schenk & Hildebrandt medium (SH) and sewage water (SW). Glc: glucose, Gal: galactose, Man: mannose.</p

Ion concentrations in Schenk & Hildebrandt medium (SH) and sewage water (SW) before and after cultivation.

<p>Ion concentrations in Schenk & Hildebrandt medium (SH) and sewage water (SW) before and after cultivation.</p

Duckweed-mediated nitrogen removal from Schenk & Hildebrandt medium (SH) and sewage water (SW).

<p>Each data point represents the mean of triplicate values; error bars indicate the standard deviation.</p

Mucus Penetration of Surface-Engineered Nanoparticles in Various pH Microenvironments

The penetration behavior of nanoparticles in mucous depends on physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles and the mucus microenvironment, due to particle–mucin interactions and the presence of the mucin mesh space filtration effect. To date, it is still unclear how the surface properties of nanoparticles influence their mucus penetration behaviors in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In this study, we have prepared a comprehensive library of amine-, carboxyl-, and PEG-modified silica nanoparticles (SNPs) with controlled surface ligand densities. Using multiple particle tracking, we have studied the mechanism responsible for the mucus penetration behaviors of these SNPs. It was found that PEG- and amine-modified SNPs exhibited pH-independent immobilization under iso-density conditions, while carboxyl-modified SNPs exhibited enhanced movement only in weakly alkaline mucus. Biophysical characterizations demonstrated that amine- and carboxyl-modified SNPs were trapped in mucus due to electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding with mucin. In contrast, high-density PEGylated surface formed a brush conformation that shields particle–mucin interactions. We have further investigated the surface property-dependent mucus penetration behavior using a murine airway distribution model. This study provides insights for designing efficient transmucosal nanocarriers for prevention and treatment of pulmonary diseases

Kinetics of duckweed growth in Schenk & Hildebrandt medium (SH) and sewage water (SW).

<p>Each data point represents the mean of triplicate values; error bars indicate the standard deviation.</p

Changes in the amylose, amylopectin, and starch content of <i>L. aequinoctialis</i> before and after cultivation in Schenk & Hildebrandt medium (SH) and sewage water (SW).

<p>All data are presented as the mean of triplicate measurements ± standard deviation. Different letters indicate significant differences between different conditions (<i>p</i><0.05).</p><p>Changes in the amylose, amylopectin, and starch content of <i>L. aequinoctialis</i> before and after cultivation in Schenk & Hildebrandt medium (SH) and sewage water (SW).</p

Glucose released from the biomass of duckweed after enzymatic saccharification and ethanol yields of the fermentation in hydrolysates of duckweed biomass with Angel Yeast.

<p>Each data is the mean of three replicates ± standard deviation.</p><p>Glucose released from the biomass of duckweed after enzymatic saccharification and ethanol yields of the fermentation in hydrolysates of duckweed biomass with Angel Yeast.</p