Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Energy Storage Electric Vehicles Based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle Considering Battery Degradation

The development of energy management strategy (EMS), which considers how power is distributed between the battery and ultracapacitor, can reduce the electric vehicle’s power consumption and slow down battery degradation. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develop an EMS for hybrid energy storage electric vehicles based on Pontryagin’s minimums principle (PMP) considering battery degradation. To verify the EMS, the hybrid energy storage electric vehicle model is first established. In the meantime, the battery cycle life trials are finished in order to develop a battery degradation model. Following that, a rule-based control approach and the PMP optimization algorithm are used to allocate power in a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) in a reasonable manner. Finally, a simulation experiment under urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) settings verifies the established EMS, and the findings reveal that the suggested EMS has a lower energy consumption rate and battery deterioration rate than the rule-based method

Somatic mutations in renal cell carcinomas from Chinese patients revealed by whole exome sequencing

Abstract Background While the somatic mutation profiles of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have been revealed by several studies worldwide, the overwhelming majority of those were not derived from Chinese patients. The landscape of somatic alterations in RCC from Chinese patients still needs to be elucidated to determine whether discrepancies exist between Chinese patients and sufferers from other countries and regions. Methods We collected specimens from 26 Chinese patients with primary RCC, including 15 clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) samples, 5 papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) samples and 6 chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) samples. Genomic DNAs were isolated from paired tumor-normal tissues and subjected to whole exome sequencing (WES). Immunohistochemistry analysis was performed to detect the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in tumor tissues. Results A total of 1920 nonsynonymous somatic variants in exons and 86 mutations at splice junctions were revealed. The tumor mutation burden of ccRCC was significantly higher than that of ChRCC (P  A:T, which was different from that recorded in the COSMIC database. Among eight significantly mutated genes in ccRCC in the TCGA database, six genes were verified in our study including VHL (67%), BAP1 (13%), SETD2 (13%), PBRM1 (7%), PTEN (7%) and MTOR (7%). All the mutations detected in those genes had not been reported in ccRCC before, except for alterations in VHL and PBRM1. Regarding the frequently mutated genes in PRCC in our study, DEPDC4 (p.E293A, p.T279A), PNLIP (p.N401Y, p.F342L) and SARDH (p.H554Q, p.M1T) were newly detected gene mutations predicted to be deleterious. As the most recurrently mutated gene in ChRCC in the TCGA dataset, TP53 (p.R81Q) was somatically altered only in one ChRCC case in this study. The HIF-1 signaling pathway was the most affected pathway in ccRCC, while the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was altered in all of the three RCC types. Membranous PD-L1 expression was positive in tumor cells from 6/26 (23%) RCC specimens. The PD-L1-positive rate was higher in RCC samples with the somatically mutated genes CSPG4, DNAH11, INADL and TMPRSS13 than in specimens without those (P < 0.05). Conclusions Using WES, we identified somatic mutations in 26 Chinese patients with RCC, which enriched the racial diversity of the somatic mutation profiles of RCC subjects, and revealed a few discrepancies in molecular characterizations between our study and published datasets. We also identified numerous newly detected somatic mutations, which further supplements the somatic mutation landscape of RCC. Moreover, 4 somatically mutated genes, including CSPG4, DNAH11, INADL and TMPRSS13, might be promising predictive factors of PD-L1-positive expression in RCC tumor cells

Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Energy Storage Electric Vehicles Based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle Considering Battery Degradation

The development of energy management strategy (EMS), which considers how power is distributed between the battery and ultracapacitor, can reduce the electric vehicle’s power consumption and slow down battery degradation. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develop an EMS for hybrid energy storage electric vehicles based on Pontryagin’s minimums principle (PMP) considering battery degradation. To verify the EMS, the hybrid energy storage electric vehicle model is first established. In the meantime, the battery cycle life trials are finished in order to develop a battery degradation model. Following that, a rule-based control approach and the PMP optimization algorithm are used to allocate power in a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) in a reasonable manner. Finally, a simulation experiment under urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) settings verifies the established EMS, and the findings reveal that the suggested EMS has a lower energy consumption rate and battery deterioration rate than the rule-based method

Additional file 1: of Discordant lymphoma consisting of mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma and nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma in the right supraclavicular lymph nodes: a case report

Gene rearrangements and clonality analysis of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene, Kappa light chain gene, and Lambda light chain gene were identified in mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma and in nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma in the right supraclavicular lymph nodes using the IdentiCloneTM IGH/IGK/IGL Gene Clonality Assay (InVivoScribe Technologies, CA, USA). (TIF 1129 kb

Quantitative Proteomics of Potato Leaves Infected with Phytophthora infestans Provides Insights into Coordinated and Altered Protein Expression during Early and Late Disease Stages

In order to get a better understanding of protein association during Solanum tuberosum (cv. Sarpo Mira)&ndash;Phytophthora infestans incompatible interaction, we investigated the proteome dynamics of cv. Sarpo Mira, after foliar application of zoospore suspension from P. infestans isolate, at three key time-points: zero hours post inoculation (hpi) (Control), 48 hpi (EI), and 120 hpi (LI); divided into early and late disease stages by the tandem mass tagging (TMT) method. A total of 1229 differentially-expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in cv. Sarpo Mira in a pairwise comparison of the two disease stages, including commonly shared DEPs, specific DEPs in early and late disease stages, respectively. Over 80% of the changes in protein abundance were up-regulated in the early stages of infection, whereas more DEPs (61%) were down-regulated in the later disease stage. Expression patterns, functional category, and enrichment tests highlighted significant coordination and enrichment of cell wall-associated defense response proteins during the early stage of infection. The late stage was characterized by a cellular protein modification process, membrane protein complex formation, and cell death induction. These results, together with phenotypic observations, provide further insight into the molecular mechanism of P. infestans resistance in potatos

Rational Modulation of Effective Mass Near Band Edge of Li₂SnO₃ to Increase Photogenerated Carrier Separation Ratio and Photocatalytic Performance

Photogenerated carrier separation is important in photocatalysis. Doping may offer control over the effective masses of the photogenerated electrons and holes. Herein, a doping strategy in Li2SnO3 enhanced photogenerated carrier separation, boosting photocatalysis. Substitution of Ge with Sn increased the effective mass of holes and reduced that of electrons; hence, the photogenerated electron/hole lifetime ratio in Li2Sn0.90Ge0.10O3 was approximately 2.8 times as great as that of Li2SnO3. Photocatalytic degradation by Li2Sn0.90Ge0.10O3 reached 100% within 12 min. However, the opposite effect was achieved upon doping with Pb. Theoretical calculations revealed that the low Ge-4p valence band orbital reduced hole mobility, while the Ge-4s orbital hybridized with O-2p near the conduction band minimum increased the electron mobility. Steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, electron spin resonance, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry were conducted to explore the photocatalytic mechanism. This study provides an understanding of structure–activity relationships to guide the design of high-performance photocatalysts