6 research outputs found
Peptidoglycan Cross-Linking Preferences of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Penicillin-Binding Proteins Have Implications for Treating MRSA Infections
Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA)
infections are a global public health problem. MRSA strains have acquired
a non-native penicillin-binding protein called PBP2a that cross-links
peptidoglycan when the native <i>S. aureus</i> PBPs are
inhibited by β-lactams. It has been proposed that the native <i>S. aureus</i> PBPs can use cell wall precursors having different
glycine branch lengths (penta-, tri-, or monoglycine), while PBP2a
can only cross-link peptidoglycan strands bearing a complete pentaglycine
branch. This hypothesis has never been tested because the necessary
substrates have not been available. Here, we compared the ability
of PBP2a and two native <i>S. aureus</i> transpeptidases
to cross-link peptidoglycan strands bearing different glycine branches.
We show that purified PBP2a can cross-link glycan strands bearing
penta- and triglycine, but not monoglycine, and experiments in cells
provide support for these findings. Because PBP2a cannot cross-link
peptidoglycan containing monoglycine, this study implicates the enzyme
(FemA) that extends the monoglycine branch to triglycine on Lipid
II as an ideal target for small molecules that restore sensitivity
of MRSA to β-lactams
Detection of Lipid-Linked Peptidoglycan Precursors by Exploiting an Unexpected Transpeptidase Reaction
Penicillin-binding
proteins (PBPs) are involved in the synthesis
and remodeling of bacterial peptidoglycan (PG). <i>Staphylococcus
aureus</i> expresses four PBPs. Genetic studies in <i>S.
aureus</i> have implicated PBP4 in the formation of highly cross-linked
PG, but biochemical studies have not reached a consensus on its primary
enzymatic activity. Using synthetic Lipid II, we show here that PBP4
preferentially acts as a transpeptidase (TP) <i>in vitro</i>. Moreover, it is the PBP primarily responsible for incorporating
exogenous d-amino acids into cellular PG, implying that it
also has TP activity <i>in vivo</i>. Notably, PBP4 efficiently
exchanges d-amino acids not only into PG polymers but also
into the PG monomers Lipid I and Lipid II. This is the first demonstration
that any TP domain of a PBP can activate the PG monomer building blocks.
Exploiting the promiscuous TP activity of PBP4, we developed a simple,
highly sensitive assay to detect cellular pools of lipid-linked PG
precursors, which are of notoriously low abundance. This method, which
addresses a longstanding problem, is useful for assessing how genetic
and pharmacological perturbations affect precursor levels, and may
facilitate studies to elucidate antibiotic mechanism of action
The Mechanism of Action of Lysobactin
Lysobactin, also known as katanosin
B, is a potent antibiotic with
in vivo efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. It
was previously shown to inhibit peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis, but
its molecular mechanism of action has not been established. Using
enzyme inhibition assays, we show that lysobactin forms 1:1 complexes
with Lipid I, Lipid II, and Lipid II<sub>A</sub><sup>WTA</sup>, substrates in the PG and wall teichoic
acid (WTA) biosynthetic pathways. Therefore, lysobactin, like ramoplanin
and teixobactin, recognizes the reducing end of lipid-linked cell
wall precursors. We show that despite its ability to bind precursors
from different pathways, lysobactin’s cellular mechanism of
killing is due exclusively to Lipid II binding, which causes septal
defects and catastrophic cell envelope damage
Silver Nanowire-Induced Sensitivity Enhancement of Optical Oxygen Sensors Based on AgNWs–Palladium Octaethylporphine–Poly(methyl methacrylate) Microfiber Mats Prepared by Electrospinning
Sensitivity
enhancement of optical oxygen sensors is crucial for
the characterization of nearly anoxic systems and oxygen quantification
in trace amounts. In this work, for the first time we presented the
introduction of silver nanowires (AgNWs) as a sensitivity booster
for optical oxygen sensors based on AgNWs–palladium octaethylporphine–polyÂ(methyl
methacrylate) (AgNWs@PdOEP–PMMA) microfiber mats prepared by
electrospinning. Herein, a series of sensing microfiber mats with
different loading ratios of high aspect ratio AgNWs were fabricated,
and the corresponding sensitivity enhancement was systematically investigated.
With increasing incorporated ratios, the AgNWs@PdOEP–PMMA-sensing
microfiber mats exhibited a swift response (approx. 1.8 s) and a dramatic
sensitivity enhancement (by 243% for the range of oxygen concentration
0−10% and 235% for the range of oxygen concentration 0–100%)
when compared to the pure PdOEP–PMMA microfiber mat. Additionally,
the as-prepared sensing films were experimentally confirmed to be
highly photostable and reproducible. The advantages of AgNW-induced
sensitivity enhancement could be useful for the rational design and
realization of revolutionary highly sensitive sensors and expected
to be readily applicable to many other high-performance gas sensor
devices
Multifunctional PHPMA-Derived Polymer for Ratiometric pH Sensing, Fluorescence Imaging, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
In
this paper, we report synthesis and characterization of a novel
multimodality (MRI/fluorescence) probe for pH sensing and imaging.
A multifunctional polymer was derived from polyÂ(<i>N</i>-(2-hydroxypropyl)Âmethacrylamide) (PHPMA) and integrated with a naphthalimide-based-ratiometric
fluorescence probe and a gadolinium–1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic
acid complex (Gd–DOTA complex). The polymer was characterized
using UV–vis absorption spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectrofluorophotometry,
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and confocal microscopy for optical
and MRI-based pH sensing and cellular imaging. In vitro labeling of
macrophage J774 and esophageal CP-A cell lines shows the polymer’s
ability to be internalized in the cells. The transverse relaxation
time (<i>T</i><sub>2</sub>) of the polymer was observed
to be pH-dependent, whereas the spin-lattice relaxation time (<i>T</i><sub>1</sub>) was not. The pH probe in the polymer shows
a strong fluorescence-based ratiometric pH response with emission
window changes, exhibiting blue emission under acidic conditions and
green emission under basic conditions, respectively. This study provides
new materials with multimodalities for pH sensing and imaging
Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Supramolecular Assemblies with Distinctive Size and Shape
With the increased prevalence of antibiotic-resistant infections, there is an urgent need for innovative antimicrobial treatments. One such area being actively explored is the use of self-assembling cationic polymers. This relatively new class of materials was inspired by biologically pervasive cationic host defense peptides. The antimicrobial action of both the synthetic polymers and naturally occurring peptides is believed to be complemented by their three-dimensional structure. In an effort to evaluate shape effects on antimicrobial materials, triblock polymers were polymerized from an assembly directing terephthalamide-bisurea core. Simple changes to this core, such as the addition of a methylene spacer, served to direct self-assembly into distinct morphologiesî—¸spheres and rods. Computational modeling also demonstrated how subtle core changes could directly alter urea stacking motifs manifesting in unique multidirectional hydrogen-bond networks despite the vast majority of material consisting of poly(lactide) (interior block) and cationic polycarbonates (exterior block). Upon testing the spherical and rod-like morphologies for antimicrobial properties, it was found that both possessed broad-spectrum activity (Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as fungi) with minimal hemolysis, although only the rod-like assemblies were effective against Candida albicans