<i>E.faecalis</i> treated DSS mild colitis model.

<p>Colon lengths (cm) (A) and Mice weight change (B) with 1.5% DSS with or without EC16 and L.GG treatment as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0097523#s4" target="_blank">Material and Method</a>. Real time PCR on IL-1β (C) and TNF-α (D) expression in colon. Each group contains 6–8 mice. Data was expressed as mean value ±SD. Student's T-test was used for statistical analysis as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0097523#s4" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>. * p<0.05, ** P<0.01.</p

IL-8 secretion in IECs.

<p>IL-8 secretions in Caco-2 (A), HCT116 (B) and HT-29 (C) with the treatment of <i>Enterococcus</i>. A total number of 10⁷ cfu/ml bacteria were added into the cells for 6 h. Supernatants were harvested for cytokine assay as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0097523#s4" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>. (D) HCT116 cells were co-cultured with <i>E. faecalis</i> (EC1, EC3, EC15, EC16) and <i>L. rhamnosus GG</i> (L.GG) and <i>S. typhimurium</i> (Salm) with a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100 for 2 h, 4 h, 6 h and 24 hours. Three independent experiments were compiled to produce the data shown. Data were expressed as mean value ±SD. Student's T-test was used for statistical analysis as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0097523#s4" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>. * p<0.05.</p

Significantly regulated gene (P<0.05) in Caco-2 cells treated with <i>E. faecalis</i> for 6h measured by cDNA microarray.

<p>Note: Bold italic labeled genes are those upregulated. The rest are downregulated genes.</p

IL-8 secretions in HCT116 cells.

<p>IL-8 production in HCT116 with the treatment of different conditional medium (CM) (from coculture supernatant, from bacteria and from cell supernatant), cell inserts, UV killed and sonicated bacteria. Whole live bacteria were used as control as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0097523#s4" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>. Three independent experiments were done and data were expressed as mean value ±SD. Student's T-test was used for statistical analysis as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0097523#s4" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>. * p<0.05.</p

Protein expression in HCT116JNK expression (A) at 30 mins, c-JUN (B) and P38 (C) expression at 1 h in HCT116 with the treatment of 2 ng/ml of IL-1β and 10⁷ cfu/ml of <i>S. typhimurium, E. faecalis</i> EC16 as described in Materials and Methods.

<p>Cells were then lysed and proteins were tested using western blot. Three independent experiments were done.</p

Phylogeny tree of 25 bacterial strains isolated from new born infants according to their 16sRNA sequences.

<p>Phylogeny tree of 25 bacterial strains isolated from new born infants according to their 16sRNA sequences.</p

IPA and Realtime PCR analysis.

<p>Ingenuity pathway analysis (A) and Real time PCR (B) on <i>E.faecalis</i> treated HCT116 cells. All pathways and genes showed in the figure were significantly (p<0.05) regulated in HCT116 cells with the treatment of <i>E. faecalis</i> EC16 for 6 h at a MOI of 100. Experiments were done on 3 biological replicates.</p