ОСНОВНЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ СЕЛЕКЦИОННОЙ РАБОТЫ С САДОВЫМИ РОЗАМИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЮЖНОГО БЕРЕГА КРЫМА

The article presents the analysis of breeding work with garden roses, carried out in the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens (NBG) from 1824 to the present time. There are three main historical stages, which have different breeding tasks, as well as methods of work: the first stage is connected with the work of N.A. Hartwiss, the second stage – N.D. Kostetsky and the third one – V.N. Klimenko, Z.K. Klimenko and K.I. Zykov. The most significant breeding achievements of the NBG’s rose breeders are indicated. Based on the analysis of the results of the introduction study of garden roses in the NBG, the main features of garden roses cultivation in the Southern Coast of the Crimea (SCC) are specified and the requirements for cultivars created for these conditions are determined. It is established that currently in the breeding work with roses in the NBG, there are four main directions. The first direction is the creation of cultivars with multiple long flowering, the total duration of which can exceed 200 days. A cultivar must endure difficult xerothermic conditions of the Southern Coast in July – August without losing of decorative value. The second task is the selection work with garden groups that are difficult to cultivate in the more northern areas. Among them, under conditions of the SCC, there are highly promising garden groups of miniature and climbing roses. The third direction of breeding is to increase resistance to major fungal diseases affecting roses under the conditions of the SCC. The basic breeding methods to achieve this objective are given. The fourth research line is the creation of cultivars with a strong aroma. These cultivars can be used in aerophytotherapeutic rosaries, arrangement of which in the SCC is relevant in connection with the development of the resort industry.В статье представлен анализ селекционной работы с садовыми розами, проводимой в Никитском ботаническом саду (НБС) с 1824 г и до настоящего времени. Выделены три основных исторических этапа (первый связан с работой Н.А. Гартвиса, второй – Н.Д. Костецкого, третий – В.Н. Клименко, З.К. Клименко и К.И. Зыкова), отличающиеся селекционными задачами, а также методами работы. Указаны наиболее значимые селекционные достижения селекционеров роз НБС. На основании анализа результатов интродукционного изучения садовых роз в НБС сформулированы основные особенности культивирования садовых роз в условиях Южного берега Крыма (ЮБК) и определены требования к сортам, создаваемым для этих условий. Установлено, что в настоящее время в селекционной работе с розами в НБС существуют четыре основных направления. Первое направление – это создание сортов с многократным, продолжительным цветением, суммарная продолжительность которого может превышать 200 дней. При этом сорт должен переносить сложные ксеротермические условия ЮБК в июле – августе без снижения декоративности. Второй задачей является селекционная работа с садовыми группами, которые трудны в культивировании в более северных районах. Из их числа в условиях ЮБК высоко перспективными являются садовые группы миниатюрных и плетистых роз. Третьим направлением селекции является повышение устойчивости к основным грибным болезням, поражающим розы в условиях ЮБК. Приведены основные селекционные методы, позволяющие достичь этой цели. Четвертое направление – создание сортов с сильным ароматом. Такие сорта могут использоваться в аэрофитотерапевтических розариях, устройство которых на ЮБК актуально в связи с развитием курортной индустрии

Comprehensive agrobiological assessment and analysis of genetic relationships of promising walnut varieties of the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens

Walnut is an important horticultural crop, the production of which ranks second among all nut crops. Despite the significant demand in the domestic market in Russia, the industrial production of walnut fruits in Russia is currently underdeveloped. At the same time, there is a need to update the assortment with new highly productive varieties adapted to local agro-climatic conditions and having high quality nuts that are competitive at the world level. An important issue for the successful implementation of breeding programs is a comprehensive study of the gene pool. In this regard, within the framework of the study, the task was to evaluate promising varieties from the collection of the walnut gene pool of the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens and analyze genetic relationships based on microsatellite genotyping. On the basis of the performed phenotypic assessment, the study sample, which included 31 varieties, was divided into several groups according to the main phenotypic traits, such as frost and drought resistance, the start of the growing season, the ripening period, the weight and type of flowering, the weight of the fruit, and the thickness of the endocarp. Varieties with economically valuable traits that can be recommended as promising as initial parental forms in breeding work for resistance to abiotic stress factors have been identified, as well as varieties with increased productivity and large fruit sizes. Based on the analysis of eight SSR markers (WGA001, WGA376, WGA069, WGA276, WGA009, WGA202, WGA089 and WGA054), an analysis of the level of genetic diversity was performed and genetic relationships were established in the studied sample of varieties. Six (for WGA089) to eleven (for WGA276) alleles per locus have been identified. A total of 70 alleles were identified for the eight DNA markers used, with an average value of 8.75. Analysis of SSR genotyping data using Bayesian analysis established the presence of two main groups of genotypes. Taking into account the fact that all the studied varieties are selections from local seed populations in different regions of the Crimean Peninsula, the revealed level of polymorphism may indirectly reflect the level of genetic diversity of the local walnut populations. Furthermore, the presence of two genetically distant groups indicates the presence of two independently formed pools of the autochthonous gene pool of the species Juglans regia L. on the Crimean Peninsul

THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF THE BREEDING OF GARDEN ROSES IN THE SOUTHERN COAST OF THE CRIMEA

The article presents the analysis of breeding work with garden roses, carried out in the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens (NBG) from 1824 to the present time. There are three main historical stages, which have different breeding tasks, as well as methods of work: the first stage is connected with the work of N.A. Hartwiss, the second stage – N.D. Kostetsky and the third one – V.N. Klimenko, Z.K. Klimenko and K.I. Zykov. The most significant breeding achievements of the NBG’s rose breeders are indicated. Based on the analysis of the results of the introduction study of garden roses in the NBG, the main features of garden roses cultivation in the Southern Coast of the Crimea (SCC) are specified and the requirements for cultivars created for these conditions are determined. It is established that currently in the breeding work with roses in the NBG, there are four main directions. The first direction is the creation of cultivars with multiple long flowering, the total duration of which can exceed 200 days. A cultivar must endure difficult xerothermic conditions of the Southern Coast in July – August without losing of decorative value. The second task is the selection work with garden groups that are difficult to cultivate in the more northern areas. Among them, under conditions of the SCC, there are highly promising garden groups of miniature and climbing roses. The third direction of breeding is to increase resistance to major fungal diseases affecting roses under the conditions of the SCC. The basic breeding methods to achieve this objective are given. The fourth research line is the creation of cultivars with a strong aroma. These cultivars can be used in aerophytotherapeutic rosaries, arrangement of which in the SCC is relevant in connection with the development of the resort industry

Identifying the rose varieties and natural forms using ISSR-markers

Identifying among varieties and natural forms of roses were carried out using ISSR thechnics to determine kinship. It was studied 6 foreign varieties, 16 varieties bred in Nikitsky Botanical Garden, as well as 2 natural forms (Rosa canina and Rosa chinensis). Despite some samples breaking into three clades, many of them don’t belong to any of these groups due to the lack of relative ties, that confirms the high genetic diversity in the studied material. The revealed molecular genetic differences in rose forms and varieties can be used to identify and certify cultivars promising for their complex resistance to the continental climate conditions