Potential biochemical markers of chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma. Current state of the problem

The literature review, according to recent publications, systematizes modern ideas about new biochemical markers of bronchopulmonary pathology, namely chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma. Information on potential biochemical markers associated with pathology of the bronchopulmonary system is presented: pulmonary activation regulated chemokine (chemokine ligand CCL20), surfactant proteins A and D, pentraxin-3, defensins, alpha-1 antitrypsin, Clara cell protein, interleukin-19, resistin-like molecules. For each biomolecule, its characteristic, biological properties and effects are described, as well as the results of experimental and clinical studies of its effects in bronchopulmonary pathology, the association of elevated blood levels of a biomolecule with clinical manifestations of diseases. It is concluded that today there are a considerable number of new potential biomarkers of the respiratory system diseases for early and effective diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases, however, the effects of some of them are either insufficiently studied or contradictory and require further research, which is actively ongoing in the whole world and in Russia

Современные методы исследования атеросклероза и ишемической болезни сердца: проточная цитометрия

 The problem of atherosclerosis, which forms the pathological basis of coronary artery disease (CAD), is one of the most discussed ones in development of cardiovascular diseases. This chronic inflammatory disease involves interactions between different cells, and an atherosclerotic plaque is a complex immunological environment. Modern  quantitative methods  increase the understanding of the pathophysiological processes responsible  for progression of atherosclerotic plaques. Flow cytometry is a powerful modern method that allows for a complex and simultaneous cell analysis. This review is devoted to studies on atherosclerosis and CAD performed  using flow cytometry.   Проблема атеросклероза, формирующего патологическую основу ишемической болезни сердца, является одной из наиболее обсуждаемых в развитии сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Это хроническое воспалительное заболевание  включает комплекс сложных взаимодействий между различными клетками, а атеросклеротическая бляшка представляет собой сложную иммунологическую  среду. Современные количественные методы повышают  понимание патофизиологических процессов, ответственных  за прогрессирование атеросклеротической бляшки.  Проточная цитометрия представляет собой мощный  современный метод, позволяющий проводить комплексный анализ клеток одновременно. Данный обзор посвящен  научным исследованиям атеросклероза и ишемической  болезни сердца, выполненным с помощью метода проточной цитометрии.

Metabolic disorders and the risk of COVID-19

In the present review the analysis of the world literature devoted to the study of metabolic disorders in the body and the risk of COVID-19 disease. It is known that metabolic syndrome is an independent risk factor for the severe course of new coronavirus infection. This review summarizes data on the mechanisms of metabolic dysfunction in a new coronavirus infection, analyzes the results of studies that investigated the issues of associations between the course of COVID-19 and various metabolic disorders, such as hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, their severity, potential targets of therapy, predictors of the development of a severe course of new coronavirus infection are considered. These metabolic disorders increase the impairment of the immune system and make patients more susceptible to the development of infectious diseases, in particular, to infection with a new coronavirus infection. Taking into account the obtained data, it becomes obvious the need to identify and monitor patients with pre-existing metabolic diseases, as well as their development during and after COVID-19. The information on the topic from publications based on PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus, Google Scholar, Medscape, UpYoDate, eLIBRARY.RU data were used

Klotho protein in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus blood and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors

The aim of the study was to investigate Klotho protein levels in men with type 2 diabetes blood and its associations with several cardiometabolic risk factors. Material and methods. The study included 37 men with diabetes and 141 men without diabetes. Fasting blood samples were collected to measure Klotho protein levels and some biochemical parameters. Results and its discussion. The Klotho protein level in men with diabetes was significantly lower than in men without diabetes (374 [117; 500] and 515 [315; 1009] pg/dl, p<0.0001). Among the examined men with diabetes with a glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 ml/min/1.73 cm2, the concentration of Klotho protein was 4 times lower than in the comparison group (104 [93; 118] and 413 [147; 535] pg/dl, p = 0.014) In men with diabetes, the Klotho protein was inversely correlated with the ratio of waist to hip circumference (-0.329; p = 0.047). But with multivariate analysis, only a tendency towards a negative association of the Klotho protein with abdominal obesity was determined (-0.385, p = 0.078). Conclusion. The content of Klotho protein in men with diabetes is significantly lower, especially in middle-aged men and in those with a reduced glomerular filtration rate. In men with diabetes, the Klotho protein has a negative correlation with the presence of abdominal obesity. In a multivariate analysis among men with diabetes, the Klotho protein tends to be inversely associated with the presence of abdominal obesity

Роль белков сурфактанта SP-A и SP-D при вирусной инфекции, фокус на COVID-19

An immune response to invasion of viral pathogens is an integral part of maintaining the physiological functioning of the bronchopulmonary system and effective gas exchange. Collagen-containing C-type lectins (lung collectins) are some of the key proteins in the identification of viral particles. They have image-recognizing receptors that identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns, particularly viral glycoproteins. The surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D, which are composed of trimerized units, belong to pulmonary collectins and oligomerize into higher-order structures. These proteins play an essential role in recognition and elimination of microbial pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, nanoparticles, allergens) through a variety of mechanisms. Taking into account the burden of the novel coronavirus infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, it is important to consider the role of the surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D in the pathogenesis of the immune response to viral invasion. Currently, there are data on the direct relationship between surfactant proteins and viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae family. The SP-A and SP-D proteins modulate inflammatory responses and cytokine synthesis, but prevent an excessive inflammatory response (cytokine storm). There is also an assumption that SARSCoV-2 directly suppresses and alters the production of surfactant proteins. Thus, the key pathogenetic role of the surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D in the response to the viral pathogen SARS-CoV-2 is evident. Today, this is a promising area of translational medicine, which will contribute to a profound understanding of the pathogenesis of coronavirus infection for assessing the diagnostic and prognostic potentials of the surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D in COVID-19. Additionally, it will help evaluate the therapeutic potential of recombinant fragments of human SP-A and SP-D. Неотъемлемой частью поддержания физиологического функционирования бронхолегочной системы и эффективного газообмена является иммунологический ответ на инвазию вирусных патогенов. Одними из ключевых белков, участвующих в идентификации вирусных частиц, являются представители семейства коллагенсодержащих лектинов типа С (легочные коллектины). Они обладают образ-распознающими рецепторами, которые идентифицируют ассоциированные с патогенами молекулярные паттерны, в частности, вирусные гликопротеины. К легочным коллектинам относятся белки сурфактанта SP-A и SP-D, которые состоят из тримеризованных единиц и олигомеризуются в структуры более высокого порядка. Эти белки играют ключевую роль в распознавании и элиминации микробных патогенов (вирусов, бактерий, грибов, паразитов, наночастиц, аллергенов) посредством разнообразных механизмов. С учетом бремени пандемии новой коронавирусной инфекции, вызванной SARS-CoV-2, крайне важно обратить внимание на роль белков сурфактанта SP-A и SP-D в патогенезе ответа на данную вирусную инвазию. В настоящее время известны указания на непосредственное взаимодействие белков сурфактанта и вирусов, принадлежащих к семейству Coronaviridae. Белки SP-A и SP-D модулируют воспалительные реакции и синтез цитокинов, при этом предотвращая чрезмерную воспалительную реакцию (цитокиновый шторм). Также существует предположение, что непосредственно SARS-CoV-2 подавляет и изменяет выработку белков сурфактанта. Таким образом, очевидна патогенетическая ключевая роль белков сурфактанта SP-A и SP-D в ответе на вирусный патоген SARS-CoV-2. Это на сегодняшний день является перспективным направлением трансляционной медицины как с точки зрения детального понимания патогенеза коронавирусной инфекции для оценки диагностических и прогностических потенциалов белков сурфактанта SP-A и SP-D при COVID-19, так и с точки зрения терапевтического потенциала рекомбинантных фрагментов человеческих SP-A и SP-D

Molecular genetic markers of myocardial infarction in combination with type 2 diabetes

Aim. To study associations of rs2464196 and rs11212617 polymorphisms with the development of myocardial infarction (MI) in combination with type 2 diabetes  (T2D).Material and methods. The study included two groups: main group (n=115) — patients with prior myocardial infarction and T2D, comparison  group (n=116) — patients with myocardial  infarction without T2D, hospitalized  from December 1, 2018 to December  31, 2019 at the Regional Vascular Center № 1 of the City Clinical Hospital № 1. Participants were comparable in sex and age. Patients underwent  clinical and instrumental investigations,  a genetic test for single nucleotide polymorphisms, which showed associations with the development  of MI and T2D according to genome-wide  association study (GWAS): rs2464196 of the HNF1A  gene, rs11212617 of the ATM gene.Results. Carriage of the AA genotype of the HNF1A  rs2464196 polymorphism was found to be associated MI in combination with T2D in the general group (odds  ratio (OR), 3,180, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1,206-8,387, p=0,015). After division of the group by sex, significant differences  remained only in women (OR=9,706, 95% CI, 1,188-79,325, p=0,011).Conclusion. The data obtained can make it possible to identify a priority group of patients for personalized prevention of cardiovascular diseases

Влияние курения на уровни сурфактантных белков SP-A и SP-D в крови у пациентов без бронхолегочных заболеваний

Every year, about six million people die from tobacco use. Respiratory epithelium is the first line of defense against exogenous invasion, in particular, harmful inhaled particles, pathogens and allergens. However, the epithelium of the respiratory tract is also a regulator of immunological and inflammatory reactions through secretion of inflammation and immune cell recruitment mediators. An important component of the pulmonary immune system is the surfactant, and, in particular, its proteins SP-A and SP-D, synthesized mainly by type II pneumocytes.Aim. To assess the levels of surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D in the blood of smoking patients without bronchopulmonary diseases.Materials and мethods. The study included 59 patients admitted to the department of internal medicine with hypertension. The general group was divided into subgroups: non-smoking patients (n = 31) and healthy smokers (n = 28). All patients underwent clinical, functional, diagnostic and laboratory tests. The content of surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D in the blood was determined by enzyme immunoassay.Results. The subgroups did not differ in sex, age, height, body weight, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and the distribution of comorbidities. The subgroups differed in the platelet level; in other main parameters of complete blood count and blood biochemistry no differences were revealed. It was found that the blood levels of surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D in the subgroup of healthy smokers were significantly higher in comparison with the subgroup of non-smoking patients. The correlation analysis revealed a direct relationship between surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D and smoking (R = 0.360, p = 0.006, R = 0.274, p = 0.037), a negative correlation between SP-D protein and age (R = –0.315, p = 0.016), and a direct relationship between SP-A protein and diastolic blood pressure (R = 0.271, p = 0.039). In the non-smoking subgroup, a negative correlation between SP-D and age (R = –0.438, p = 0.016) and between SP-D and systolic blood pressure (R = –0.433, p = 0.017) was identified.Conclusion. The direct relationship between higher levels of the surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D and smoking in the group of healthy smokers is justified (inflammatory changes, structural abnormalities in the lung parenchyma under the influence of cigarette smoke). The SP-D protein is more significant in comparison with the SP-A protein in vascular wall remodeling, lung tissue matrix, oxidative lung tissue damage, and apoptosis, which explains its negative correlation with age and systolic blood pressure.Актуальность. Ежегодно около 6 млн человек умирают из-за употребления табака. Дыхательный эпителий – первая линия защиты против экзогенной инвазии, в частности вредных вдыхаемых частиц, патогенов и аллергенов. Однако эпителий дыхательных путей является не просто физическим барьером, но и регулятором иммунологических и воспалительных реакций посредством секреции медиаторов воспаления и рекрутинга иммунных клеток. Важным компонентом легочной иммунной системы является сурфактант, в частности его белки SP-A и SP-D, синтезируемые в основном пневмоцитами II типа.Цель. Оценить уровень сурфактантных белков SP-A и SP-D в крови у курящих пациентов без наличия бронхолегочных заболеваний.Материалы и методы. В исследование включены 59 пациентов, госпитализированных в терапевтическое отделение по поводу гипертонической болезни. Общая группа разделена на подгруппы:  некурящие пациенты (n = 31) и «здоровые курильщики» (n = 28). Всем пациентам проведены клиническое, функционально-диагностическое и лабораторное исследования. Содержание сурфактантных белков SP- A и SP-D в крови определяли методом иммуноферментного анализа.Результаты. Подгруппы не различались по полу, возрасту, росту, массе тела, уровню артериального  давления, частоте сердечных сокращений, частоте дыхательных движений, а также по распределению  сопутствующей патологии. Сравниваемые подгруппы достоверно отличались по уровню тромбоцитов, по остальным основным параметрам общего анализа крови, биохимического анализа различий не отмечено. Выявлено, что уровень в крови сурфактантных белков SP-A и SP-D в подгруппе «здоровых курильщиков» достоверно выше в сравнении с подгруппой некурящих пациентов. При корреляционном анализе прямая связь получена для сурфактантных белков SP-A и SP-D и курения (R = 0,360; p = 0,006; R = 0,274; p = 0,037). Обратная корреляционная связь выявлена SP-D с возрастом (R = –0,315; p = 0,016) и прямая связь белка SP-A – с диастолическим артериальным давлением (R = 0,271; p = 0,039). В подгруппе некурящих получена обратная связь SP-D с возрастом (R = –0,438; p = 0,016) и систолическим артериальным  давлением (R = –0,433; p = 0,017).Заключение. Отмечены более высокий уровень сурфактантных белков SP-A и SP-D в группе курящих  пациентов, их прямая связь патогенетически обоснована (воспалительные изменения, структурные аномалии в паренхиме легких при воздействии сигаретного дыма). Белок SP-D более значим в сравнении с SP-A при ремоделировании сосудистой стенки, матрикса ткани легкого, при окислительном повреждении ткани легкого и апоптозе, что объясняет его обратную связь с возрастом и систолическим артериальным  давлением.

Changes in glomerular filtration rate in young adults: population data

Aim of the study was to investigate glomerular filtration rate in population of 25–45 years old young people of Novosibirsk city. Material and methods. A survey of Novosibirsk typical district’s population has been carried out by the Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine since 2013 to 2016. 1074 people (467 males and 607 females of 25–45 years old) have been included into the survey. The levels of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were chosen according to KDIGO (2012) recommendation, such as: GFR more than 90 ml/min/1.73 cm2 – high or optimal, 60–89 ml/min/1.73 cm2 – slightly reduced, 45–59 ml/min/1.73 cm2 – moderately reduced, 30–44 ml/min/1.73 cm2 – vastly reduced, 1529 ml/min/1.73 cm2 – highly reduced, lower than 15 ml/min/1.73 cm2 – terminal renal failure. Results and discussion. Average GFR(CKD-EPI) level in all age groups was 99,9 ml/min/1.73 cm2 . Average GFR(CKD-EPI) was 104.41 ml/min/1.73 cm2 in 25–34 age group. Male average GFR(CKD-EPI) levels in appropriate age groups were reliably higher comparing to female levels. Both male and female analyzed indicators turned out to be reliably lower in older group than in the younger one. 95.1 % of male participants at the age from 25 to 34 years old had GFR ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 cm2 , while female indicator was 76.9 %. The indicators in the age group from 35–45 years old were: for males – 86.4 %, for females – 58.3 %. Both male and female groups at the age from 35 to 45 contained people with GFR < 60.ml/min/1.73 cm2 (2 men – 0,8 %; 1 woman – 0.4 %). While GFR calculating according to MDRD and CKD-EPI formulas two dissimilar results were revealed. The advantages of CKD-EPI formulas calculating for higher GFR indicators have been evidenced

Биохимические, молекулярно-генетические и клинические аспекты COVID-2019

 The 2020 coronavirus infection pandemic has potentiated a large number of studies in the world on the etiopathogenesis, clinical and morphological manifestations of COVID-2019 infection. This review presents biochemical, molecular genetic and clinical aspects of COVID-2019.  Пандемия коронавирусной инфекции в 2020 г. потенцировала проведение большого числа исследований в мире в области этиопатогенеза и клинико-морфологических проявлений  COVID-2019. Представлены биохимические, молекулярно-генетические и клинические аспекты COVID-2019.