New classifications of female genital malignancies (FIGO and TNM)

Despite great efforts to publish the 7th edition of the clinical TNM classification, the major aim of the International Union Against Cancer continues to create unified statistical information on the prevalence of disease in each specific case. This information can, in the general context, help specialists evaluate a tumor process, avoid disagreements in the planning of treatment and in the assessment of its results, and make a prognosis, thereby favoring further investigations of malignancies

ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЛЬНАЯ ДИАГНОСТИКА ПЕРВИЧНЫХ И МЕТАСТАТИЧЕСКИХ ОПУХОЛЕЙ ЯИЧНИКОВ У БОЛЬНЫХ РАКОМ ТОЛСТОЙ КИШКИ

This report summarizes existing data on differential diagnosis between primary and metastatic ovarian cancer in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). The results obtained in N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center on the management of this malignancy are also presented. The evidence in favour of the need of genetic counseling and monitoring of the patients with aggravated familial history for early diagnosis of synchronous and metachronous ovarian cancer in patients with CRC is produced. A number of clinical, laboratory and diagnostic methods in addition to immunohistology and molecular genetics should be used for differential diagnosis of primary and metastatic ovarian cancer in patients with CRC.В статье представлены данные отечественной, мировой литературы и исследования ФГБУ «РОНЦ им. Н.Н. Блохина» РАМН, дающие картину современных достижений и перспектив в решении проблемы дифференциальной диагностики первичных и метастатических опухолей яичников у больных раком толстой кишки (РТК). Приведены доказательства, что для ранней диагностики первично-множественных опухолей яичников при РТК в диагностический алгоритм необходимо включение медико-генетического консультирования лиц с отягощенным семейным анамнезом и их мониторинг. В дифференциальной диагностике первичных и метастатических опухолей яичников при РТК необходимо применять комплексный подход, который включает целый ряд клинических, лабораторных, инструментальных, иммуногистохимических и молекулярно-генетических методов исследования

Multiple primary malignancies of female genital organs: ways of prevention

Prevention of cancer and its early diagnosis is today one of the promising lines of oncology. The identification of the hereditary forms of malignancies is particularly urgent, which prevents the development of tumor pathology in apparently healthy individuals the rela- tives of whom have cancers

Эпигенетические и генетические нарушения функций генов BRCA1 / 2 у больных солитарным раком яичников и раком яичников при полинеоплазии

Background. Ovarian cancer is a complex and poorly studied disease that kills nearly 70–80 % of patients. Therefore, practitioners are interested in any opportunity of improving survival of these patients. From this point of view, investigation of genetic and epigenetic functions associated with this pathology is quite promising.Objective: to assess clinical and morphological characteristics of tumors in ovarian cancer patients, considering the presence of mutations and methylation in the BRCA1/2 gene.Materials and methods. This study included 180 ovarian cancer patients (FIGO stage I–IV) treated in the N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center between 2008 and 2019. Study participants were divided into 3 groups according to their BRCA status and the number of primary tumors. We collected and analyzed venous blood, biopsy samples of ovarian cancer, archived histological sections, and paraffin-embedded tissue blocks. DNA isolated from venous blood was used to identify the following germline mutation by pyrosequencing: BRCA1 5382insC, BRCA1 4153delA, BRCA1 185delAG, and BRCA26174delT. DNA isolated from biopsy specimens and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens was used to analyze methylation in the promoter regions of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes by bisulfite sequencing (PyroMark Q24 DNA Sequencer; Qiagen, USA) with specific primers targeting promoter regions of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.Results. Molecular testing demonstrated that the frequency of BRCA1 gene mutations was 21.1 % (38/148) in patients with solitary ovarian cancer and 40.6 % (13/32) in patients with multiple primary ovarian cancers. The frequency of methylation of the BRCA1 gene promoter was 2.2 % (18/148) in patients with solitary ovarian cancer and 3.1 % (1 case) in patients with multiple primary ovarian cancers. All BRCA1 methylated ovarian tumors were serous adenocarcinomas, including high grade tumors in 15 patients (78.9 %) and low-grade tumors in 4 patients (21.1 %).Conclusion. Hypermethylation of the BRCA1 gene promoter was observed only in individuals with sporadic serous ovarian cancer. No methylation was detected in patients with non-serous ovarian cancer, as well as in patients carrying BRCA1 gene mutations (both with solitary ovarian cancer and with primary multiple ovarian tumors).Введение. Рак яичников (РЯ) – сложное и малоизученное заболевание, уносящее жизни до 70–80 % пациенток. Поэтому практических врачей интересует любая перспектива улучшения выживаемости данной категории больных. С этих позиций изучение генетических и эпигенетических функций, связанных с возникновением этой патологии, нам кажется своевременным и перспективным.Цель исследования – изучить клинико-морфологические особенности опухолей у больных РЯ с учетом наличия мутаций и метилирования генов BRCA1/2.Материалы и методы. В исследование было включено 180 больных РЯ (FIGO I–IV стадии), получавших лечение в ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России с 2008 по 2019 г. В соответствии с BRCA-статусом и количеством первичных опухолей пациентки были поделены на 3 группы. Объектами исследований явились венозная кровь больных, клинические образцы РЯ (биопсийный материал), а также архивные образцы гистологических препаратов и парафиновые блоки. Образцы ДНК из цельной крови пациенток протестированы на наличие герминальных мутаций BRCA1 5382insC, BRCA1 4153delA, BRCA1 185delAG, BRCA2 6174delT методом пиросеквенирования. ДНК из биопсийного материала и архивных парафиновых срезов проанализированы на наличие метилирования в промоторах генов BRCA1 и BRCA2 методом бисульфитного пиросеквенирования на приборе PyroMark Q24 (Qiagen, США) с использованием специфических праймеров, амплифицирующих локусы, содержащие промоторные области генов BRCA1 и BRCA2.Результаты. Проведенное молекулярно-генетическое тестирование показало, что частота встречаемости мутаций гена BRCA1 у больных солитарным РЯ составила 21,1 % (38/148), а у больных РЯ при полинеоплазии – 40,6 % (13/32). Частота встречаемости метилирования промотора гена BRCA1 у больных солитарным РЯ составила 12,2 % (18/148), а в группе больных РЯ при полинеоплазии – 3,1 % (1 наблюдение). В 100 % случаев опухоль яичников при наличии метилирования была представлена серозной аденокарциномой: в 15 (78,9 %) наблюдениях – high grade и в 4 (21,1 %) – low grade.Выводы. Гиперметилирование промотора BRCA1 было выявлено только в группе больных спорадическим серозным РЯ. Метилирование не было обнаружено у больных несерозным РЯ, а также у больных РЯ – носительниц мутаций гена BRCA1 (как при солитарном РЯ, так и при первично-множественном процессе)

ARTIFICIAL MENOPAUSE AND EXPERIENCE OF CIMICIFUGA EXTRACT USE (KLIMADYNON)

Advances made in oncogynecology and improvements of surgical, radiation, and drug treatment provided relatively good sur- vival rates in patients with female genital organ lesions. However, this treatment often leads to postcastration syndrome mani- festations in most young women. New rehabilitation modalities for such female patients are important and urgent. It was inves- tigated whether Cimicifuga racemosa extract may be used for alleviation of postcastration syndrome symptoms and the results are encouraging

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF PRIMARY AND METASTATIC OVARIAN TUMORS IN PATIENTS WITH COLONIC CANCER

This report summarizes existing data on differential diagnosis between primary and metastatic ovarian cancer in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). The results obtained in N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center on the management of this malignancy are also presented. The evidence in favour of the need of genetic counseling and monitoring of the patients with aggravated familial history for early diagnosis of synchronous and metachronous ovarian cancer in patients with CRC is produced. A number of clinical, laboratory and diagnostic methods in addition to immunohistology and molecular genetics should be used for differential diagnosis of primary and metastatic ovarian cancer in patients with CRC

IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS OF CANCER OF THE CERVIX UTERI

The prevention of cancer of the cervix uteri (CCU) is an interdisciplinary problem that may be solved only via joint efforts of gynecol- ogists, oncologists, virologists, and immunologists. Since there is currently strong evidence for the viral origin of CCU, vaccination is prominent in its primary. The present paper considers and comparatively analyzes 2 different lines of biotherapy for CCU

Possibilities of rehabilitation in cancer patients to preserve their reproductive function

Social rehabilitation in patients who have been treated for malignancies of different sites and stages becomes a particularly urgent problem today and its solution is one of the promising areas of oncology. The important stage of this rehabilitation that seems to us is to maintain or recover their reproductive and sexual function, which becomes possible due to the use of current reproductive technologies in different cancer situations

Analysis of clinical and morphological parameters in patients with vulvar melanoma

The purpose of this study was to estimate the value of and to reveal the specific features of clinical and morphological parameters in pa- tients with vulvar melanoma. The study was based on the data obtained from the analysis of 40 vulvar melanoma patients treated at the N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Institute in the period January 1980 to December 2010

RARE FORMS OF UTERINE LEIOMYOMAS (description of a case)

Leiomyomas predominate among benign nonepithelial tumors of the corpus uteri. Leiomyoma is commonly an asymptomatic tumor and detectable in most cases at routine gynecological examinations. However, some forms of leiomyomas have a definite metastatic potential and, despite its benign morphological signs, may metastasize to the lung. Fatal cases resulting from tumor spread along the postcava to the right atrium are described