Generalized action principle and extrinsic geometry for N=1 superparticle

It is proposed the generalized action functional for N=1 superparticle in D=3,4,6 and 10 space-time dimensions. The superfield geometric approach equations describing superparticle motion in terms of extrinsic geometry of the worldline superspace are obtained on the base of the generalized action. The off-shell superdiffeomorphism invariance (in the rheonomic sense) of the superparticle generalized action is proved. It was demonstrated that the half of the fermionic and one bosonic (super)fields disappear from the generalized action in the analytical basis. Superparticle interaction with Abelian gauge theory is considered in the framework of this formulation. The geometric approach equations describing superparticle motion in Abelian background are obtained.Comment: 31 pages. Late

Influence of Gamma-Ray Emission on the Isotopic Composition of Clouds in the Interstellar Medium

We investigate one mechanism of the change in the isotopic composition of cosmologically distant clouds of interstellar gas whose matter was subjected only slightly to star formation processes. According to the standard cosmological model, the isotopic composition of the gas in such clouds was formed at the epoch of Big Bang nucleosynthesis and is determined only by the baryon density in the Universe. The dispersion in the available cloud composition observations exceeds the errors of individual measurements. This may indicate that there are mechanisms of the change in the composition of matter in the Universe after the completion of Big Bang nucleosynthesis. We have calculated the destruction and production rates of light isotopes (D, 3He, 4He) under the influence of photonuclear reactions triggered by the gamma-ray emission from active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We investigate the destruction and production of light elements depending on the spectral characteristics of the gamma-ray emission. We show that in comparison with previous works, taking into account the influence of spectral hardness on the photonuclear reaction rates can increase the characteristic radii of influence of the gamma-ray emission from AGNs by a factor of 2-8. The high gamma-ray luminosities of AGNs observed in recent years increase the previous estimates of the characteristic radii by two orders of magnitude. This may suggest that the influence of the emission from AGNs on the change in the composition of the medium in the immediate neighborhood (the host galaxy) has been underestimated.Comment: 13 pages, 13 figures, 3 table

The Akulov-Volkov Lagrangian, Symmetry Currents and Spontaneously Broken Extended Supersymmetry

A generalization of the Akulov-Volkov effective Lagrangian governing the self interactions of the Nambu-Goldstone fermions associated with spontaneously broken extended supersymmetry as well as their coupling to matter is presented and scrutinized. The resulting currents associated with R-symmetry, supersymmetry and space-time translations are constructed and seen to form a supermultiplet structure.Comment: 17 pages, LaTeX; Title, abstract and introduction changes, references adde

Ботулинотерапия в лечении спастичности нижней конечности

The article reviews the current concept of lower extremity spasticity, which is a frequent disabling consequence of stroke. Gait biomechanics, step cycle and main pathologic patterns of lower extremity are described (hip adduction, knee flexion, knee extension, foot plantar flexion, equinovarus foot position, toes flexion, hallux extension), including muscles involved in the pathological process. Additionally the article contains detailed information on pathologic principles of lower extremity spasticity development. Special focus is given to sarcomeregenesis as an essential element of the development of potential conditions for muscle tissue adaptation to a new state and restoration of muscle length and strength. At present Botulinum toxin A (BTA) is used in a complex spasticity management programs. The results of clinical studies performed in the last decade supporting the efficacy of Botox® (Onabotulinumtoxin A) in the treatment of spasticity are reviewed. Effective BTA doses are proposed. Authors came to the conclusion that BTA as a part of complex rehabilitation in patients with poststroke spasticity of lower extremity promotes treatment efficacy due to a decrease of muscle tone and increase of range of movements in the joints. BTA should be regarded as an essential part of standard rehabilitation programs. Further studies to define optimal muscles for intervention, BTA doses and rehabilitation schemes are still needed. В статье освящены современные представления о спастичности нижней конечности, являющейся частым инвалидизирующим последствием инсульта. Описаны биомеханика ходьбы, цикл шага, основные патологические паттерны нижней конечности (приведение бедра, сгибание колена, разгибание колена, подошвенное сгибание стопы, эквиноварусная установка стопы, сгибание пальцев, разгибание большого пальца), а также мышцы, участвующие в их формировании. Кроме того, в статье подробно изложены патофизиологические принципы формирования спастичности нижней конечности. Особое внимание уделено процессу саркомерогенеза как важнейшему компоненту в создании потенциально возможных условий для адаптации мышечной ткани к новым условиям и восстановлению длины и силы мышцы. В настоящее время в комплексном лечении спастичности используют препараты ботулинического токсина типа А (БТА). В статье представлены результаты исследований, проведенных в мире за последнее десятилетие, подтверждающие эффективность препарата Ботокс® (Onabotulinumtoxin A) в лечении спастичности. Приведены данные об эффективных дозировках препарата. Авторами сделан вывод о том, что использование БТА в комплексной реабилитации пациентов с постинсультной спастичностью нижней конечности способствует повышению эффективности лечения за счет снижения мышечного тонуса и увеличения объема движений в суставах, вследствие чего БТА можно рассматривать как необходимое дополнение к стандартным программам реабилитации. Однако необходимо проведение дальнейших исследований для определения вовлеченных мышц, доз препарата и реабилитационных схем.

Features of applying systems approach for evaluating the reliability of cryogenic systems for special purposes

Summary. The analysis of cryogenic installations confirms objective regularity of increase in amount of the tasks solved by systems of a special purpose. One of the most important directions of development of a cryogenics is creation of installations for air separation product receipt, namely oxygen and nitrogen. Modern aviation complexes require use of these gases in large numbers as in gaseous, and in the liquid state. The onboard gas systems applied in aircraft of the Russian Federation are subdivided on: oxygen system; air (nitric) system; system of neutral gas; fire-proof system. Technological schemes ADI are in many respects determined by pressure of compressed air or, in a general sense, a refrigerating cycle. For the majority ADI a working body of a refrigerating cycle the divided air is, that is technological and refrigerating cycles in installation are integrated. By this principle differentiate installations: low pressure; average and high pressure; with detander; with preliminary chilling. There is also insignificant number of the ADI types in which refrigerating and technological cycles are separated. These are installations with external chilling. For the solution of tasks of control of technical condition of the BRV hardware in real time and estimates of indicators of reliability it is offered to use multi-agent technologies. Multi-agent approach is the most acceptable for creation of SPPR for reliability assessment as allows: to redistribute processing of information on elements of system that leads to increase in overall performance; to solve a problem of accumulating, storage and recycling of knowledge that will allow to increase significantly efficiency of the solution of tasks of an assessment of reliability; to considerably reduce intervention of the person in process of functioning of system that will save time of the person of the making decision (PMD) and will not demand from it special skills of work with it

Development algorithm operation of multicomponent system system to support decision-making in assessing the reliability of air separation plants

Summary. In that case when knowledge in relation to a problem of development of the knowledge base (KB) of system of an assessment of reliability is understood as the regularities of subject domain received in practice and as a result of vocational training of experts there are opportunities the problems allowing to put and solve in the field of management of reliability. Leaning against our researches it is possible to conclude that the key moment developed the multicomponent systems of support of decision-making (MASPPR) is KB, main principles of construction and which functioning are: the principle of a precedential when obtaining diagnostic information; the principle of fitness during the receiving, the analysis and structurization of diagnostic information; the principle of openness of system having a possibility of progressive updating, being guided by the available information, knowledge bases; the principle of a modularity at construction; the principle of knowledge when obtaining new information assuming existence of procedures of loyal and effective interaction. In turn, the model of representation of knowledge in MASPPR is under construction on a basis production systems (PS) which is model of representation of knowledge well-known and widely used in SEE. According to multicomponentsystem of support of decision-making it is offered to use the simplest method of submission of rules, namely, list (or tabular) a form which shows the list of rules in memory of the interpreter. Development of algorithm of functioning of the car of a logical conclusion. At reduction of time and simplicity of search of a route of a logical conclusion from a significant amount of the rules developed for "agent-performer" and "agent-coordinator" we will apply a method of a linear matrix conclusion. The essence of a method consists that for set of the rules located in the form of the list the matrix is under construction, then, on the basis of the analysis of this matrix the route of a logical conclusion then additional routes of a logical conclusion are defined is defined