Ranking order of the candidate reference genes of <i>Frankliniella occidentalis</i> under different experimental conditions.

<p>The expression stability was also measured using the <b>Δ</b>Ct method, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and geNorm and ranked from the most stable to the least stable.</p><p>Ranking order of the candidate reference genes of <i>Frankliniella occidentalis</i> under different experimental conditions.</p

Optimal number of reference genes for normalization in <i>Frankliniella occidentalis.</i>

<p>The pairwise variation (Vn/Vn+1) was analyzed between normalization factors NFn and NFn+1 by geNorm program to determine the optimal number of reference genes. Values <0.15 indicate that additional genes are not required for the normalization of gene expression.</p

Primer sequences and amplicon characteristics of the candidate reference genes.

a<p>Length of the amplicon; ^bmelt temperature; ^cReal-time qPCR efficiency (calculated from the standard curve); ^dRegression coefficient.</p><p>Primer sequences and amplicon characteristics of the candidate reference genes.</p

Expression levels of candidate reference genes in different samples.

<p>The black dot indicates the mean of duplicate samples, and the bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean.</p

Expression stability of the candidate reference genes as calculated by the Geomean method of RefFinder.

<p>A lower Geomean ranking indicates more stable expression. Expression stability of reference genes in the following samples: A) different developmental stages of <i>Frankliniella occidentalis</i>; B) <i>F. occidentalis</i> exposed to high temperatures; C) <i>F. occidentalis</i> exposed to low temperatures.</p