14,892 research outputs found
A Mutual Information Based Sequence Distance For Vertebrate Phylogeny Using Complete Mitochondrial Genomes
Traditional sequence distances require alignment. A new mutual information based sequence distance without alignment is defined in this paper. This distance is based on compositional vectors of DNA sequences or protein sequences from complete genomes. First we establish the mathematical foundation of this distance. Then this distance is applied to analyze the phylogenetic relationship of 64 vertebrates using complete mitochondrial genomes. The phylogenetic tree shows that the mitochondrial genomes are separated into three major groups. One group corresponds to mammals; one group corresponds to fish; and the last one is Archosauria (including birds and reptiles). The structure of the tree based on our new distance is roughly in agreement in topology with the current known phylogenies of vertebrates
Effect of air core on the shape and discharge of the outflow through a bottom outlet
AbstractExperiments were conducted to study the generation of air core and its effect on the outflow shape and discharge in a cylindrical water tank with a bottom well-designed outlet. Depending on the stages of the air core in the tank, the outflow shape can vary from a smooth water jet to a smooth spindle shape with air-core, and to water sprays. The diameter of the nozzle size also has influence on the outflow pattern. The existence of the penetrated air core can dramatically reduce the outflow discharge, with the discharge coefficient decreasing with the nozzle diameter
Autogeneic RNA-electroporated CD40-ligand activated B-cells from hepatocellular carcinoma patients induce CD8+ T-cell responses ex vivo
Since dendritic cells (DCs) constitute only 0.1β0.5% of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and generation of DCs from monocytes or stem cells is difficult and expensive, we choose B-lymphocytes as an alternative, cost-effective source of antigen presenting cells (APC). Aim: To induce specific CTLs response ex vivo by CD40L activated B-cells (CD40-B) transfected with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) total RNA. Methods: To induce CD40-B PBMCs of patients with HCC were isolated by Ficoll technique and cultured in RMPI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), sCD40L (2 Β΅g/ml), recombinant human interleukin-4 (IL-4) (4 ng/ml). The expression of CD80 and CD86 was evaluated by flow cytometry. The level of interleukin-12 (IL-12) produced by cultured B-lymphocytes was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HCC patientβs T-lymphocytes were obtained from PBMCs cultured in RMPI 1640 supplemented with 10% FCS, 2 ng/mL IL-4 and 10 ng/ml IL-7. CD40-B transfected with tumor total RNA isolated from HCC cells were used to induce specific CTL proliferation. The level of IFN-g was measured using ELISA and the expression of CD8 was determined by FCAS. Specific cytotoxicity was measured using MTT method. Results: The results show that the activated B-lymphocytes were easily expandable and formed large clones, and a high expression of CD80/CD86 and a high IL-12 secretion by CD40-B was registered. CD40-B transfected with tumor total RNA can induce CTLs to express CD8 and generate IFN-g at high levels. Compared to the control group, the specific cytotoxicity of CTLs was up-regulated. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that CD40-B-cells electroporated with total RNA derived from carcinoma cells can be used as alternative APC for the induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, which might be used in HCC immunotherapy.ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ (ΠΠ) ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ 0,1β0,5% ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ (ΠΠΠ) ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΈ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΎΠΉ, Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ
Π-Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ (ΠΠΠ). Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ: ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
CD40-Π»ΠΈΠ³Π°Π½Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π-Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² (CD40-B), ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π ΠΠ, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ
Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ, ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π’-Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ex vivo ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ: ΠΠΠ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ RMPI 1640 Ρ
10% ΡΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ (ΠΠ‘Π’), sCD40 (2 ΠΌΠΊΠ³/ΠΌΠ») ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ-4 (ΠΠ-4,
4 Π½Π³/ΠΌΠ»). ΠΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Π‘D80 ΠΈ CD86 ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈΠ½Π°-12, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ Π-Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° (ΠΠ€Π). Π’-Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠΠ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ RMPI 1640 Ρ 10% ΠΠ‘Π’, 2 Π½Π³/ΠΌΠ»
ΠΠ-4 ΠΈ 10 Π½Π³/ΠΌΠ» ΠΠ-7 ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ CD40- ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π ΠΠ, Π΄Π»Ρ
ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π’-Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ². Π£ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π°- (ΠΠΠ€-Ξ³) ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΠ€Π, Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ CD8 Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅. Π‘ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² ΠΠ’Π’
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ: ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ in Π-Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² CD80/CD86, ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠ-12.
CD40-B-Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π ΠΠ, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ CD + ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΠΠ€-Ξ³. ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ: CD40-B-ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π ΠΠ, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ, β ΡΡΠΎ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΠΠ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ CD +
T-ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ
The mechanism of the polarization dependence of the optical transmission in subwavelength metal hole arrays
We investigate the mechanism of extraordinary optical transmission in
subwave-length metal hole arrays. Experimental results for the arrays
consisting of square or rectangle holes are well explained about the dependence
of transmission strength on the polarization direction of the incident light.
This polarization dependence occurs in each single-hole. For a hole array,
there is in addition an interplay between the adjacent holes which is caused by
the transverse magnetic field of surface plasmon polariton on the metal film
surfaces. Based on the detailed study of a single-hole and two-hole structures,
a simple method to calculate the total tranmissivity of hole arrays is
proposed.Comment: 34 pages, 7 figure
Orbit- and Atom-Resolved Spin Textures of Intrinsic, Extrinsic and Hybridized Dirac Cone States
Combining first-principles calculations and spin- and angle-resolved
photoemission spectroscopy measurements, we identify the helical spin textures
for three different Dirac cone states in the interfaced systems of a 2D
topological insulator (TI) of Bi(111) bilayer and a 3D TI Bi2Se3 or Bi2Te3. The
spin texture is found to be the same for the intrinsic Dirac cone of Bi2Se3 or
Bi2Te3 surface state, the extrinsic Dirac cone of Bi bilayer state induced by
Rashba effect, and the hybridized Dirac cone between the former two states.
Further orbit- and atom-resolved analysis shows that s and pz orbits have a
clockwise (counterclockwise) spin rotation tangent to the iso-energy contour of
upper (lower) Dirac cone, while px and py orbits have an additional radial spin
component. The Dirac cone states may reside on different atomic layers, but
have the same spin texture. Our results suggest that the unique spin texture of
Dirac cone states is a signature property of spin-orbit coupling, independent
of topology
Longitudinal bioimpedance vector plots add little value to fluid management of peritoneal dialysis patients
Bioimpedance (BI) has the potential to enable better management of fluid balance, which can worsen over time on peritoneal dialysis (PD) due to loss of residual kidney function and progressive muscle wasting. We undertook a prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded end-point controlled trial to determine whether availability of longitudinal BI measures as vector plots helped clinicians maintain stable fluid status over 12 months in 308 peritoneal dialysis patients from the United Kingdom and Shanghai, China. Patients were recruited into 4 groups nested within a single trial design according to country and residual kidney function. Nonanuric subjects from both countries demonstrated stable fluid volumes irrespective of randomization. Hydration worsened in control anuric patients in Shanghai with increased extracellular/total body water (ECW/TBW) ratio (0.04; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.06) and reduced TBW (-1.76βL 95% CI: -2.70, -0.82), but was stable in the BI intervention group whose dialysate glucose prescription was increased. However, multilevel analysis incorporating data from both countries showed worsening ECW/TBW in active and control anuric patients. Clinicians in the United Kingdom reduced target weight in the nonanuric BI intervention group causing a reduction in TBW without beneficial effects on ECW or blood pressure. Thus, routine use of longitudinal BI vector plots to improve clinical management of fluid status is not supported.Kidney International advance online publication, 14 October 2015; doi:10.1038/ki.2015.294
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