Flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis and autophagy in CD4 lymphocyte (Day 0).

<p>Graph showing the flow cytometric analysis of high intensity-interval (HIT) (<b>A</b>) and moderate intensity-continuous (MCT) (<b>B</b>) exercise training effects on main biomarkers of apoptosis and autophagy [i.e., LAMP-2, active caspase -3, and annexin V staining (phosphotidylserine exposure)] in untreated CD4 lymphocytes (Day 0). <b>Pre</b>, pre-intervention; <b>Post</b>, post-intervention; <b>Rest</b>, resting; <b>HE</b>, hypoxic (12%O₂) exercise test<b>; Basal</b>, untreated CD4 lymphocytes (<b>Day 0</b>).</p

Effects of various interventions on levels of active caspase 9 and caspase 3 in CD4 lymphocytes.

<p>(<b>A</b>-<b>C</b>) caspase 9; (<b>D</b>-<b>F</b>) caspase 3; <b>HIT</b>, high-intensity interval training group (<b>A</b>, <b>D</b>); <b>MCT</b>, moderate continuous training group (<b>B</b>, <b>E</b>) ; <b>CTL</b>, control group (<b>C</b>, <b>F</b>)<b>; Pre</b>, pre-intervention; <b>Post</b>, post-intervention; <b>Rest</b>, resting; <b>HE</b>, hypoxic (12%O₂) exercise test<b>; Basal</b>, untreated CD4 lymphocytes (<b>Day 0</b>); <b>Vehicle</b> and <b>Rap</b>, CD4 lymphocytes treated in the absence and presence of rapamycin (500nM) for 24 h (<b>Day 1</b>), respectively. *P<0.05, <b>Rest</b> vs. <b>HE</b>; +P<0.05, <b>Pre</b> vs. <b>Post</b>; ‡P<0.05, <b>HIT</b> or <b>MCT</b> vs. <b>CTL</b>. Values were mean±SE. n=10 in each group.</p

Flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis and autophagy in CD4 lymphocyte (Day 1).

<p>Graph showing the flow cytometric analysis of high intensity-interval (HIT) (<b>A</b>) and moderate intensity-continuous (MCT) (<b>B</b>) exercise training effects on main biomarkers of apoptosis and autophagy [i.e., LAMP-2, active caspase -3, and annexin V staining (phosphotidylserine exposure)] in rapamycin-treated CD4 lymphocytes (Day 1). <b>Pre</b>, pre-intervention; <b>Post</b>, post-intervention; <b>Rest</b>, resting; <b>HE</b>, hypoxic (12%O₂) exercise test<b>; Basal</b>, untreated CD4 lymphocytes (<b>Day 0</b>).</p

Possible mechanisms of improved aerobic capacity and modulated CD4 lymphocyte autophagic and apoptotic responses to hypoxic stress by various exercise regimens.

<p>High-intensity interval training (HIT) is more effective for enhancing aerobic capacity (VO_2max) by increasing cardiac output response to exercise, compared to moderate continuous training (MCT) does. A bout of 12%O₂ exercise (HE) suppresses the initiation, elongation, maturation, and fusion of autophagy by decreased beclin-1, Atg-1, LC3-II, Atg-12, and LAMP-2 expressions, and simultaneously enhances the initiation and execution of apoptosis by increased phospho-Bcl-2 and active caspase-9/-3 levels in CD4 lymphocytes. However, five weeks of HIT and MCT attenuate the extents of declined autophagy and potentiated apoptosis in CD4 lymphocyte caused by HE, possibly by (1) down-regulating mTOR expression, (2) lowering Th2 cytokine (indicated by a decrease in interleukin-4, IL-4) production, and (3) depressing elevation of oxidative stress by HE. Besides, HIT, but not MCT, further depresses resting myeloperoxidase (MPO) and IL-4 levels in plasma.</p

Effects of various interventions on levels of Atg-1 and Beclin-1 in CD4 lymphocytes.

<p>(<b>A</b>-<b>C</b>) Atg-1; (<b>D</b>-<b>F</b>) Beclin-1; <b>HIT</b>, high-intensity interval training group (<b>A</b>, <b>D</b>); <b>MCT</b>, moderate continuous training group (<b>B</b>, <b>E</b>) ; <b>CTL</b>, control group (<b>C</b>, <b>F</b>)<b>; Pre</b>, pre-intervention; <b>Post</b>, post-intervention; <b>Rest</b>, resting; <b>HE</b>, hypoxic (12%O₂) exercise test<b>; Basal</b>, untreated CD4 lymphocytes (<b>Day 0</b>); <b>Vehicle</b> and <b>Rap</b>, CD4 lymphocytes treated in the absence and presence of rapamycin (500nM) for 24 h (<b>Day 1</b>), respectively. *P<0.05, <b>Rest</b> vs. <b>HE</b>; +P<0.05, <b>Pre</b> vs. <b>Post</b>; ‡P<0.05, <b>HIT</b> or <b>MCT</b> vs. <b>CTL</b>. Values were mean±SE. n=10 in each group.</p

Effects of various interventions on levels of acridine orange (AO)-labeled and phosphatidylserine (PS)-exposed in CD4 lymphocytes.

<p>(<b>A</b>-<b>C</b>) <b>AO</b>-labeled; (<b>D</b>-<b>F</b>) <b>PS</b>-exposed; <b>HIT</b>, high-intensity interval training group (<b>A</b>, <b>D</b>); <b>MCT</b>, moderate continuous training group (<b>B</b>, <b>E</b>) ; <b>CTL</b>, control group (<b>C</b>, <b>F</b>)<b>; Pre</b>, pre-intervention; <b>Post</b>, post-intervention; <b>Rest</b>, resting; <b>HE</b>, hypoxic (12%O₂) exercise test<b>; Basal</b>, untreated CD4 lymphocytes (<b>Day 0</b>); <b>Vehicle</b> and <b>Rap</b>, CD4 lymphocytes treated in the absence and presence of rapamycin (500nM) for 24 h (<b>Day 1</b>), respectively. *P<0.05, <b>Rest</b> vs. <b>HE</b>; +P<0.05, <b>Pre</b> vs. <b>Post</b>; ‡P<0.05, <b>HIT</b> or <b>MCT</b> vs. <b>CTL</b>. Values were mean±SE. n=10 in each group.</p

Effects of various interventions on levels of Atg-12, LC3-II, and LAMP-2 in CD4 lymphocytes.

<p>(<b>A</b>-<b>C</b>) Atg-12; (<b>D</b>-<b>F</b>) LC3-II; (<b>G</b>-<b>I</b>) LAMP-2; <b>HIT</b>, high-intensity interval training group (<b>A</b>, <b>D</b>, <b>G</b>); <b>MCT</b>, moderate continuous training group (<b>B</b>, <b>E</b>, <b>H</b>)<b>; CTL</b>, control group (<b>C</b>, <b>F</b>, <b>I</b>)<b>; Pre</b>, pre-intervention; <b>Post</b>, post-intervention; <b>Rest</b>, resting; <b>HE</b>, hypoxic (12%O₂) exercise test<b>; Basal</b>, untreated CD4 lymphocytes (<b>Day 0</b>); <b>Vehicle</b> and <b>Rap</b>, CD4 lymphocytes treated in the absence and presence of rapamycin (500nM) for 24 h (<b>Day 1</b>), respectively. *P<0.05, <b>Rest</b> vs. <b>HE</b>; +P<0.05, <b>Pre</b> vs. <b>Post</b>; ‡P<0.05, <b>HIT</b> or <b>MCT</b> vs. <b>CTL</b>. Values were mean±SE. n=10 in each group.</p

Effects of various interventions on levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in plasma.

<p>(<b>A</b>) IL-6; (<b>B</b>) MPO; <b>HIT</b>, high-intensity interval training group; <b>MCT</b>, moderate continuous training group; <b>CTL</b>, control group; <b>Pre</b>, pre-intervention; <b>Post</b>, post-intervention; <b>Rest</b>, resting; <b>HE</b>, hypoxic (12%O₂) exercise test. *P<0.05, <b>Rest</b> vs. <b>HE</b>; +P<0.05, <b>Pre</b> vs. <b>Post</b>. Values were mean±SE. n=10 in each group.</p

Validity and reliability of the Traditional Chinese version of the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory in general population

<div><p>Background</p><p>Fatigue is a common symptom in the general population and has a substantial effect on individuals’ quality of life. The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) has been widely used to quantify the impact of fatigue, but no Traditional Chinese translation has yet been validated. The goal of this study was to translate the MFI from English into Traditional Chinese (‘the MFI-TC’) and subsequently to examine its validity and reliability.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The study recruited a convenience sample of 123 people from various age groups in Taiwan. The MFI was examined using a two-step process: (1) translation and back-translation of the instrument; and (2) examination of construct validity, convergent validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and measurement error. The validity and reliability of the MFI-TC were assessed by factor analysis, Spearman rho correlation coefficient, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), minimal detectable change (MDC), and Bland-Altman analysis. All participants completed the Short-Form-36 Health Survey Taiwan Form (SF-36-T) and the Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) concurrently to test the convergent validity of the MFI-TC. Test-retest reliability was assessed by readministration of the MFI-TC after a 1-week interval.</p><p>Results</p><p>Factor analysis confirmed the four dimensions of fatigue: general/physical fatigue, reduced activity, reduced motivation, and mental fatigue. A four-factor model was extracted, combining general fatigue and physical fatigue as one factor. The results demonstrated moderate convergent validity when correlating fatigue (MFI-TC) with quality of life (SF-36-T) and sleep disturbances (PSQI) (Spearman's rho = 0.68 and 0.47, respectively). Cronbach’s alpha for the MFI-TC total scale and subscales ranged from 0.73 (mental fatigue subscale) to 0.92 (MFI-TC total scale). ICCs ranged from 0.85 (reduced motivation) to 0.94 (MFI-TC total scale), and the MDC ranged from 2.33 points (mental fatigue) to 9.5 points (MFI-TC total scale). The Bland-Altman analyses showed no significant systematic bias between the repeated assessments.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The results support the use of the Traditional Chinese version of the MFI as a comprehensive instrument for measuring specific aspects of fatigue. Clinicians and researchers should consider interpreting general fatigue and physical fatigue as one subscale when measuring fatigue in Traditional Chinese-speaking populations.</p></div

Reliability (internal consistency, test-retest, and measurement error) of the total score and four subscales of the MFI-TC in healthy adults (<i>n</i> = 123).

<p>Reliability (internal consistency, test-retest, and measurement error) of the total score and four subscales of the MFI-TC in healthy adults (<i>n</i> = 123).</p