Legal defense of foreign citizens and non-citizens’ economic rights and interests from criminal offense and other incidents

The paper analyzes issues of defense of foreign citizens’ and apatrides’ economic rights and interests from criminal offense and wrongful acts within the Russian Federation. Due to situation of political strain, fueled by refugee crisis, obviously national legal system faces new challenges in maintaining human values within its borders. The key idea of the paper is a legal capacity to renege from providing the non-citizens of national equality, addressing the lex personalis i.e., the law of the alien’s home country for meaningful rights and interests’ defense. The certainty is based on the fact that the legislation of alien’s home country could not always correspond with the Russian one and it could not be read as a decline in alien’s legal status. Even a superficial view reveals lots of theoretical and enforcement issues ranging from providing equal defense from criminal or administrative offence to defense from maladministration. Despite the distinctions in national legal systems, common European trend is aimed at highest possible defense of non-citizens’ and apatrides’ economic interests. Thus, Russian legal system admits feasible aliens’ adjective law limitations as a retaliatory measure for Russian citizens’ rights limitation abroad. Authors push for balancing both personal and public interests when determining the legal defense of economic interests of non-citizens in accordance with European practice.peer-reviewe

On the nature of picobirnaviruses

The picobirnaviruses (Picobirnaviridae, Picobirnavirus, PBVs) are currently thought to be animal viruses, as they are usually found in animal stool samples. However, no animal model or cell culture for their propagation has yet been found. In 2018, a hypothetical assumption about PBVs belonging to prokaryotic viruses was put forward and experimentally substantiated. This hypothesis is based on the presence of Shine–Dalgarno sequences in the genome of all PBVs before three reading frames (ORF) at the ribosomal binding site, with which the prokaryotic genome is saturated, while in the eukaryotic genome such regions occur with low frequency. The genome saturation with the Shine–Dalgarno sequences, as well as the preservation of this saturation in the progeny, according to scientists, allows us to attribute PBVs to prokaryotic viruses. On the other hand, there is a possibility that PBVs belong to viruses of eukaryotic hosts – fungi or invertebrates, since PBV­like sequences similar to the genome of fungal viruses from the families of mitoviruses and partitiviruses have been identified. In this regard, the idea arose that, in terms of reproduction mode, PBVs resemble fungal viruses. The divergence of views on the true PBV host(s) has sparked discussions among scientists and required further research to elucidate their nature. The review highlights the results of the search for a PBV host. The reasons for the occurrence of atypical sequences among the PBV genome sequences that use an alter­ native mitochondrial code of lower eukaryotes (fungi and invertebrates) for the translation of viral RNA­dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) instead of the standard genetic code are analyzed. The purpose of the review was to collect arguments in support of the hypothesis about the phage nature of PBVs and to find the most realistic explanation of the reasons for identifying non­standard genomic sequences for PBVs. Based on the hypothesis about the genealogical relationship of PBVs with RNA viruses from other families with similar segmented genomes, such as Reoviridae, Cystoviridae, Totiviridae and Partitiviridae, virologists support the assumption of a decisive role in the origin of atypical PBV­like reassortment strains between PBVs and viruses of the listed families. The collected arguments given in this review indicate a high probability of a phage nature of PBVs. The data presented in the review show that the belonging of PBV­like progeny to prokaryotic or eukaryotic viruses is determined not only by its genome saturation level with a prokaryotic motif, standard or mitochondrial genetic code. The primary structure of the gene encoding the viral capsid protein responsible for the presence or absence of specific proteolytic properties of the virus that determine its ability for independent horizontal transmission into new cells may also be a decisive factor

Picobirnaviruses: prevalence, genetic diversity, detection methods

This article presents a general overview of the prevalence, genetic diversity and detection methods of picobirnaviruses (PBVs), which are small, non-enveloped icosahedral viruses with a segmented double-stranded RNA genome consisting of two segments taxonomically related to the genus Picobirnavirus of the family Picobirnaviridae. This review of scientific papers published in 1988–2019 provides data on the PBV distribution in the nature and a broad host range. PBV infection is characterized as opportunistic, the lack of understanding of the etiological role of PBVs in diarrhea is emphasized, since these viruses are detected both in symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. The concept of PBV infection as a chronic disease caused by a long-lasting persistence of the virus in the host is considered. Such factors as stress syndrome, physiological conditions, immune status and host age at the time of primary PBV infection influence the virus detection rate in humans and animals. The possible zoonotic nature of human PBV infection is noted due to the capacity for interspecies PBV transmission acquired during evolution as a result of the reassortment of the genome segments of different viruses infecting the same host. Data providing evidence that PBVs belong to eukaryotes and a challenging hypothesis stating that PBVs are bacterial viruses are presented. The need to intensify work on PBV detection because of their wide distribution, despite the complexity due to the lack of the cultivation system, is emphasized. Two strategies of RT-PCR as main PBV detection methods are considered. The genomes of individual representatives of the genus isolated from different hosts are characterized. Emphasis is placed on the feasibility of developing primers with broader specificity for expanding the range of identifiable representatives of the genus PBV due to a huge variety of their genotypes. The importance of effective monitoring of PBV prevalence for studying the zoonotic and anthroponotic potential using metagenomics analysis is highlighted, and so is the possibility of using PBV as a marker for environmental monitoring

Pharmacological and surgical experimental animal models of induction of spermatogenesis disorders

Introduction. Experimental induction of spermatogenesis disorders is possible mainly by physical, pharmacological methods. However, not all methods can cause non-obstructive azoospermia.Objective. To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of induction of spermatogenesis disorders in rat models by applying ligatures to the spermatic cords and administration of cisplatin.Materials & methods. Seventy-three mature male rats (Wistar) were divided into 2 experimental groups and 1 control (n = 9) group: group 1 (n = 27) with ligature on the spermatic cord for 12 h (n = 9), 24 h (n = 9), 36 h (n = 9); group 2 (n = 37) with five-fold intraperitoneal administration of cisplatin at concentrations of 5 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg. On days 0, 7, 14, 28 after the last day of induction of spermatogenesis disorders, epididymal semen analysis, blood test, total serum testosterone, pathomorphological examination of testes tissue, body weight, reproductive system organ weight were performed to assess model performance.Results. Ligation to the spermatic cords did not have a negative effect on the general condition of the animals (p < 0.05), blood test (p < 0.05); there was a decrease in the testicular weight (p < 0.05), the appendage of the testis (p < 0.05), prostate (p < 0.05), the weight of the seminal vesicles did not change (p > 0.05). In group 1, the number of epidermal spermatozoa decreased in all subgroups, statistically significant changes were recorded at 7 (exposure 24 h) and 28 (exposure 12, 36 h) days of research. Histologically, there was no significant inhibition of spermatogenesis, except for a decrease in the area, diameter of the seminal tubules on 7, 28 days after surgery (exposure 24, 36 h). In group 2, the survival of animals was noted only when using cisplatin at a dose of 1 mg/kg five times. Body weight decreased in all rats without recovery, thrombocytopenia recorded after 1 wk, leukocytopenia regressed by 2 wk of the study. A decrease in the weight of all reproductive organs was noted. Sperm concentration decreased at 1 wk and recovered at 28 wk. In the analysis of testicular biopsies: pronounced disorganization of the spermatogenic epithelium, a decrease in the absolute area and diameter of the seminal tubules.Conclusion. Ligation to the spermatic cord does not cause permanent inhibition of spermatogenesis. Cisplatin at a dose of 1 mg/kg causes persistent severe damage to the spermatogenic epithelium

Радиогенный риск заболеваемости солидными злокачественными новообразованиями у лиц, облучённых на Южном Урале в детском возрасте

The aim of this work is to assess the radiogenic risk of solid cancers incidence in the members of the Urals Childhood Exposure Cohort. The cohort includes people exposed under 20 years of age as a result of two radiation accidents at the Mayak Production Association in the Southern Urals (discharges of radioactive waste into the Techa River and the formation of the East Ural radioactive trace). The number of the cohort for solid cancer incidence analysis is 31,578 individuals. All the members were postnatally exposed and some of them – in-utero. Some of their parents were exposed before conception. 2,018 solid cancers were registered on the incidence catchment area during the period 1956-2018, the total amount of person years was 818,083. The analysis was carried out by the Poisson regression method with a simple parametric excess relative risk model. 95% confidence intervals were estimated with maximum likelihood approach. Only a postnatal dose was used in the first solid cancer incidence analysis of this cohort members with due account for preconception exposure of parents. TRDS-2016 mean postnatal dose accumulated over the entire follow-up period in the stomach of cohort members was 0.047 Gy. The analysis showed linear dependence of solid cancer incidence excess relative risk on postnatal dose. Excess relative risk was 0.66/Gy, р=0.006 with a five-year latency period. While estimating excess relative risk in different age groups at the beginning of exposure, a significant risk was present only in the age group under 1 year and amounted to 2.16/Gy; р<0.02 at the onset of exposure. The present results are in agreement with the results of the solid cancer incidence risk analysis both in the Techa River Cohort of exposed In-Utero where a statistically significant excess relative risk from a postnatal dose was revealed, and with the results of risk analysis in the Japanese cohort of people exposed in-utero and in early childhood.Целью работы является оценка радиогенного риска заболеваемости солидными злокачественными новообразованиями у членов Уральской когорты, облучённых в детском возрасте. Данная когорта объединяет лиц, облученных в возрасте до 20 лет в результате двух радиационных аварий на Производственном Объединении «Маяк» на Южном Урале (сбросы радиоактивных отходов в реку Течу и образование Восточно-Уральского радиоактивного следа). Численность когорты для анализа заболеваемости солидными злокачественными новообразованиями составила 31 578 человек. Все члены подверглись постнатальному облучению, а некоторые – и внутриутробному. У части из них родители были облучены до зачатия. С 1956 по 2018 г. на территории наблюдения за заболеваемостью было зарегистрировано 2018 случаев заболеваний солидными злокачественными новообразованиями, число человеко-лет составило 818 083. Анализ проведен методом Пуассоновской регрессии с использованием простой параметрической модели избыточного относительного риска. Доверительные интервалы c 95% достоверностью оценены с помощью метода максимального правдоподобия. В первом анализе риска заболеваемости солидными злокачественными новообразованиями у членов данной когорты использована только постнатальная доза, при этом учтен факт преконцептивного облучения родителей. Средняя постнатальная доза на желудок, накопленная за весь период наблюдения у членов когорты, включенных в анализ заболеваемости, рассчитанная по дозиметрической системе TRDS-2016, составила 0,047 Гр. Анализ показал линейную зависимость избыточного относительного риска заболеваемости солидными злокачественными новообразованиями от постнатальной дозы. При 5-летнем латентном периоде избыточный относительный риск составил 0,66/Гр, р=0,006. При оценке избыточного относительного риска в разных возрастных группах на начало облучения значимая величина риска сохранилась только в возрастной группе до 1 года на начало облучения, равная 2,16/Гр, р<0,02. Данные результаты согласуются с результатами анализа риска солидных злокачественных новообразований в когорте внутриутробно облученных на реке Тече, в которой был выявлен статистически значимый избыточный относительный риск от постнатальной дозы, а также с результатами анализа риска в японской когорте облученных внутриутробно и в раннем детстве

The estimatin of leves of bioamines in the blood cells by infuzion ozone therapy at patients with parodontitis

Here are the results of studying the levels of histamine, serotonin and catecholamines of the blood cells by infusion ozone therapy at patients with parodontitis. It is established that the bioamines in the blood cells is depended on sex and age of a patient, a stage and intensity of inflammatory process

Solid cancer incidence risk in in the Ural cohort of the accidentally exposed population: 1956–2017

To date, the study of the effects of chronic exposure of the South Ural population has been carried out in two separate cohorts – in the Techa River Cohort and in the East Urals Radioactive Trace Cohort. In 2019, the Ural cohort of accidentally exposed population was formed. It included the population exposed in two radiation situations in the Southern Urals in the 1950s. The number of the combined cohort for the cancer incidence analysis was about 60 thousand people, the follow-up period was extended to 2017, the number of solid cancers was 4537, and the number of person-years was 1283267, which is 3 times more than when analyzing the effects of exposure in each of the two radiation situations separately. In the incidence analysis of all solid cancer types, we used the dose accumulated in the walls of the stomach, which corresponds to the dose accumulated in most organs and tissues with the exception of bone tissue and red bone marrow. The mean dose to the stomach accumulated over the entire follow-up period for cohort members was 38 mGy, the maximum -1.13 Gy. The paper presents the first results of solid cancer incidence risk analysis in the combined cohort, which show a statistically significant dose dependence of the incidence in case of chronic exposure in the range of low and medium doses. The sex and age-averaged excess relative risk value of 0.075/100 mGy (the 95% confidence interval is 0.039–0.113) is comparable to that obtained in the studies of the Japanese cohort of atomic bomb survivors. The statistically significant excess relative risk value of 0.047/100 mGy, obtained separately for men, is in good agreement with that in professional cohorts where men prevail – in the cohort of the Chernobyl NPP accident clean-up workers and in the cohort of professional workers in the three countries (UK, France, USA). The established cohort with a long follow-up period has a great potential for furthermore detailed studies of the effects of radiation and non-radiation factors on public health

CLINICAL CASE OF COMBINATION OF NON-COMPACT MYOCARDIUM OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE WITH CONGENITAL ANOMALY OF THE CORONARY ARTERIES

Non-compact myocardium of the left ventricle is one of the rare primary cardiomyopathies, which is characterized by impaired endomyocardial morphogenesis, left ventricular hypertrophy, its excessive trabeculation and the formation of wide interstitial spaces. The unfavorable prognosis and high mortality in the syndrome of myocardial non-compactness determine the necessity for its recognition in the early stages and a differentiated approach to treatment. In the article, we give an example of clinical observation of a patient with non-compact myocardium of the left ventricle and a congenital anomaly of the coronary arteries, hospitalized to the healthcare institution «Grodno Regional Clinical Cardiology Center» in 2018. The patient was conducted a number of diagnostic methods for verification of the diagnosis

MANIFESTATIONS OF EPIDEMIC PROCESS OF ROTAVIRUS INFECTION IN NIZHNY NOVGOROD IN PRE-VACCINATION PERIOD

Aim. Study the manifestations of epidemic process of rotavirus infection in Nizhny Novgorod in pre-vaccination period to evaluate the possible effect on morbidity for the rotavirus vaccine application introduction. Materials and methods. Rotavirus morbidity data were analyzed for the 12-year period (2005 - 2016), as well as its age and season distribution. Rotavirus genotyping was carried out using multiplex PCR and partial sequencing of VP4 and VP7 genes. Results. RVI morbidity in Nizhny Novgorod was shown to be at a moderate level when specific prophylaxis was not applied, multi-year dynamics for morbidity reflects the all-Russian state. 2015 - 2016 were characterized by intensification of the epidemic process in age groups of organized children (3 - 6 and 7 - 14) and adults. Season increase included December-May. seasonal morbidity maximums in different age groups took place during different months. Genetic structure of Nizhny Novgorod population PV-A during this time was presented by 10 types with G9P[8] (44,4%) dominating. Conclusion. Growth of RVI morbidity in Nizhny Novgorod in 2015 - 2016 and changes in age and season manifestations of the infection took place under the condition of change of the dominating genotype PV-A (G4P[8] to G9P[8])