Modulation of the NF-kB signaling pathway by MLB.

<p>(A) Western blotting was performed for p-ERK, p-p38, p-JNK, ERK, p-38, and JNK in the cytoplasmic extracts of aged rat skin. (B) Western blotting was performed for p-ERK, p-p38, p-JNK, ERK, p-38, and JNK in the cytoplasmic extracts of UVB-irradiated human skin fibroblasts.</p

Inhibition of NF-kB-dependant genes by MLB.

<p>(A) Western blotting was used to assess the expressions of the NF-kB dependent genes COX-2 and iNOS in aged rat skin. (B) Western blotting was used to assess the expressions of the NF-kB dependent genes COX-2 and iNOS in UVB-irradiated human skin fibroblasts.</p

Modulation of MMP expression in aged rat skin and in UVB-irradiated human skin fibroblasts by MLB.

<p>(A) Western blot analysis was performed to assess MMP-9, MMP-12, and MMP-13 protein levels in the cytosolic extracts of the skins of aged rats. (B) Western blotting was performed to asses MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-12, and MMP-13 levels in the cytoplasmic extracts of UVB-irradiated human skin fibroblasts. (C) Gelatinase and collagenase1 activities were assessed in aged rat skin by zymography. Gelatin zymography was used for MMP-2 (72 kDa) and MMP-9 (92 kDa), and collagen zymography was used for MMP-1 (52 kDa).</p

Possible anti-wrinkle mechanism of MLB.

<p>AP-1, activator protein 1; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; ERK, extracellular regulated signal kinase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinases; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; UVB, ultra violet B.</p

Changes in AP-1 levels caused by MLB in aged rat skin and UVB-irradiated human skin fibroblasts.

<p>(A) Western blotting was used to assess nuclear cJun, cFOS, and p-cJun protein levels in aged rat skin. (B) Western blotting was used to assess nuclear cJun, cFOS, and p-cJun protein levels in UVB-irradiated human skin fibroblasts.</p

Effects of MLB on type I procollagen level in aged rat skin and UVB-irradiated human skin fibroblasts.

<p>(A) Western blotting was performed on cytoplasmic extracts of aged rat skin. (B) Cultured human fibroblasts were pretreated with MLB and caffeic acid, and exposed to 30 mJ/cm² of UVB. Western blotting was performed on cytoplasmic extracts of UVB-irradiated human skin fibroblasts. (C) Cultured human fibroblasts were pretreated with MLB and exposed to 30 mJ/cm² of UVB. Type I procollagen levels were analyzed by ELISA. Significances were determined using one-factor ANOVA: *p<0.05 vs. UVB-irradiated controls.</p

Structure of MLB from <i>Salvia miltiorrhiza</i> BUNGE.

<p>Structure of MLB from <i>Salvia miltiorrhiza</i> BUNGE.</p

Changes in nuclear NF-κB levels caused by MLB in aged rat skin and UVB-irradiated human skin fibroblasts.

<p>(A) Western blotting was performed to assess nuclear p65 (Ser276), p65 (Ser536), Ac-p65, and p65 protein levels in aged rat skin. (B) Western blotting was performed to assess nuclear p65 (Ser276), p65 (Ser536), Ac-p65, and p65 protein levels in UVB-irradiated human skin fibroblasts.</p

Modulation of MMP expression in mice by the three garlic compounds.

<p>(A) Western blot analysis was performed to detect MMP3, MMP9, MMP12, and TIMP4 protein levels in cytosolic extract of the skins of from hairless mice. (B) Blots were quantified by densitometry as percentages of the control. One-factor ANOVA was used to determine significance: ^# p<0.05 vs. control, *p<0.05 vs. the UVB-irradiated group; CA, caffeic acid; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; SAC, <i>S</i>-allyl cysteine; TIMP4, tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease4; UVB, ultraviolet B.</p

Effects of the three garlic compounds on type І procollagen level by UVB in hairless mice.

<p>(A) Western blotting was performed to detect cytoplasmic extracts of UVB-irradiated hairless mouse skin. (B) Blots were quantified by densitometry as percentages of control. One-factor ANOVA were used to determine significance: ^*p<0.05 vs. control. CA, caffeic acid; SAC, <i>S</i>-allyl cysteine, UVB, ultraviolet B.</p