6,619 research outputs found
Quantum escape of the phase in a strongly driven Josephson junction
A quantum mechanical analysis of the Josephson phase escape in the presence
of both dc and ac bias currents is presented. We find that the potential
barrier for the escape of the phase is effectively suppressed as the resonant
condition occurs, i.e. when the frequency of the ac bias matches the
Josephson junction energy level separation. This effect manifests itself by a
pronounced drop in the dependence of the switching current on the power
of the applied microwave radiation and by a peculiar double-peak structure
in the switching current distribution . The developed theory is in a
good accord with an experiment which we also report in this paper. The obtained
features can be used to characterize certain aspects of the quantum-mechanical
behavior of the Josephson phase, such as the energy level quantization, the
Rabi frequency of coherent oscillations and the effect of damping.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, to be published in Physical Review B (Rapid
Communication
Secondary atomization of coal-water fuels for gas turbine applications
The main research objective is to determine the effect of coal-water
fuel (CWF) treatment on atomization quality when applied to an ultrafine
coal water fuel (solids loading - 50%) and at elevated pressures. The fuel
treatment techniques are expected to produce secondary atomization, i.e.,
disruptive shattering of CWF droplets subsequent to their leaving the
atomizing nozzle. Upon combustion, the finer fuel droplets would then yield
better burnout and finer fly ash size distribution, which in turn could
reduce problems of turbine blade erosion. The parallel objective was to
present quantitative information on the spray characteristics of CWF
(average droplet size and spray shape and angle) with and without fuel
treatment for purposes of application to the design of CWF-burning gas
turbine combustors.
The experiments include laser diffraction droplet size measurements and
high speed photographic studies of CWF sprays in the MIT Spray Test Facility
to determine mean droplet size (mass median diameter), droplet size
distribution, and spray shape and angle. For the spray tests at elevated
pressures, pressure vessels were constructed and installed in the spray test
rig. For support of data analyses, a capillary tube viscometer was used to
measure the CWF viscosity at the high shear rate that occurs in an atomizer
(> 104 sec' ).
A semi-empirical relationship was developed giving the CWF spray
droplet size as a function of the characteristic dimensionless parameters of
twin-fluid atomization, including the Weber number, the Reynolds number, and
the air-to-fuel mass flow ratio. The correlation was tested experimentally
and good agreement was found between calculated and measured drop sizes when
the high shear viscosity of the CWF was used in the semi-empirical equation.
Water and CWF spray tests at elevated pressure were made. Average
droplet sizes measured as a function of atomizing air-to-fuel ratios (AFRs)
at various chamber pressures show that the droplet mass median diameter
(MMD) decreases with increasing AFR at a given chamber pressure and
increases with increasing chamber pressure at a given AFR. In particular,
the results show that droplet sizes of CWF sprays decrease with increasing
chamber pressure if the atomizing air velocity is held constant.
Of the fuel treatment techniques investigated, the heating of CWF
(flash-atomization) was found to be very effective in reducing droplet size,
not only at atmospheric pressure but also at elevated pressure. Secondary
atomization by C02 absorption (used in a previous study) had given favorable
results on CWF combustion, but in this present case this fuel treatment did
not seem to have any observable effect on the drop size distribution of the
CWF spray at room temperature.
The spray angle was observed to reduce with increasing chamber pressure
for given atomizing conditions (AFR, fuel flow rate, fuel temperature). The
decreasing entrainment rate per unit length of spray with increasing chamber
pressure was mainly responsible for the reduction of the spray angle. The
heating of the CWF increased the spray angle, both at atmospheric and
elevated pressures. A model was developed to predict spray angle change for
the effects of the flash-atomization as a function of AFR, fuel flow rate,
and the superheat of the water
Multifractal characterisation of length sequences of coding and noncoding segments in a complete genome
The coding and noncoding length sequences constructed from a complete genome
are characterised by multifractal analysis. The dimension spectrum and
its derivative, the 'analogous' specific heat , are calculated for the
coding and noncoding length sequences of bacteria, where is the moment
order of the partition sum of the sequences. From the shape of the
and curves, it is seen that there exists a clear difference between the
coding/noncoding length sequences of all organisms considered and a completely
random sequence. The complexity of noncoding length sequences is higher than
that of coding length sequences for bacteria. Almost all curves for
coding length sequences are flat, so their multifractality is small whereas
almost all curves for noncoding length sequences are multifractal-like.
We propose to characterise the bacteria according to the types of the
curves of their noncoding length sequences.Comment: 15 pages with 5 figures, Latex, Accepted for publication in Physica
Decoherence in a Josephson junction qubit
The zero-voltage state of a Josephson junction biased with constant current
consists of a set of metastable quantum energy levels. We probe the spacings of
these levels by using microwave spectroscopy to enhance the escape rate to the
voltage state. The widths of the resonances give a measurement of the coherence
time of the two states involved in the transitions. We observe a decoherence
time shorter than that expected from dissipation alone in resonantly isolated
20 um x 5 um Al/AlOx/Al junctions at 60 mK. The data is well fit by a model
including dephasing effects of both low-frequency current noise and the escape
rate to the continuum voltage states. We discuss implications for quantum
computation using current-biased Josephson junction qubits, including the
minimum number of levels needed in the well to obtain an acceptable error limit
per gate.Comment: 4 pages, 6 figure
Running anti-de Sitter radius from QCD-like strings
We consider renormalization effects for a bosonic QCD-like string, whose
partons have propagators instead of Gaussian. Classically this model
resembles (the bosonic part of) the projective light-cone (zero-radius) limit
of a string on an AdS background, where Schwinger parameters give rise to
the fifth dimension. Quantum effects generate dynamics for this dimension,
producing an AdS background with a running radius. The projective
light-cone is the high-energy limit: Holography is enforced dynamically.Comment: 12 page
Magnetoinductance of Josephson junction array with frozen vortex diffusion
The dependence of sheet impedance of a Josephson junction array on the
applied magnetic field is investigated in the regime when vortex diffusion
between array plaquettes is effectively frozen due to low enough temperature.
The field dependent contribution to sheet inductance is found to be
proportional to f*ln(1/f), where f<<1 is the magnitude of the field expressed
in terms of flux quanta per plaquette.Comment: 5 pages, no figure
Mixing-induced CP violating sources for electroweak baryogenesis from a semiclassical approach
The effects of flavor mixing in electroweak baryogenesis is investigated in a
generalized semiclassical WKB approach. Through calculating the nonadiabatic
corrections to the particle currents it is shown that extra CP violation
sources arise from the off-diagonal part of the equation of motion of particles
moving inside the bubble wall. This type of mixing-induced source is of the
first order in derivative expansion of the Higgs condensate, but is oscillation
suppressed. The numerical importance of the mixing-induced source is discussed
in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model and compared with the source term
induced by semiclassical force. It is found that in a large parameter space
where oscillation suppression is not strong enough, the mixing-induced source
can dominate over that from the semiclassical force.Comment: 19 pp, 2 figs, 1 table, some comments added, to appear in
Eur.Phys.J.
Electric-field dependent spin diffusion and spin injection into semiconductors
We derive a drift-diffusion equation for spin polarization in semiconductors
by consistently taking into account electric-field effects and nondegenerate
electron statistics. We identify a high-field diffusive regime which has no
analogue in metals. In this regime there are two distinct spin diffusion
lengths. Furthermore, spin injection from a ferromagnetic metal into a
semiconductor is enhanced by several orders of magnitude and spins can be
transported over distances much greater than the low-field spin diffusion
length.Comment: 5 pages, 3 eps figure
Quasi-local Energy for Spherically Symmetric Spacetimes
We present two complementary approaches for determining the reference for the
covariant Hamiltonian boundary term quasi-local energy and test them on
spherically symmetric spacetimes. On the one hand, we isometrically match the
2-surface and extremize the energy. This can be done in two ways, which we call
programs I (without constraint) and II (with additional constraints). On the
other hand, we match the orthonormal 4-frames of the dynamic and the reference
spacetimes. Then, if we further specify the observer by requiring the reference
displacement to be the timelike Killing vector of the reference, the result is
the same as program I, and the energy can be positive, zero, or even negative.
If, instead, we require that the Lie derivatives of the two-area along the
displacement vector in both the dynamic and reference spacetimes to be the
same, the result is the same as program II, and it satisfies the usual
criteria: the energies are non-negative and vanish only for Minkowski (or
anti-de Sitter) spacetime.Comment: 16 pages, no figure
Large Aperiodic Semigroups
The syntactic complexity of a regular language is the size of its syntactic
semigroup. This semigroup is isomorphic to the transition semigroup of the
minimal deterministic finite automaton accepting the language, that is, to the
semigroup generated by transformations induced by non-empty words on the set of
states of the automaton. In this paper we search for the largest syntactic
semigroup of a star-free language having left quotients; equivalently, we
look for the largest transition semigroup of an aperiodic finite automaton with
states.
We introduce two new aperiodic transition semigroups. The first is generated
by transformations that change only one state; we call such transformations and
resulting semigroups unitary. In particular, we study complete unitary
semigroups which have a special structure, and we show that each maximal
unitary semigroup is complete. For there exists a complete unitary
semigroup that is larger than any aperiodic semigroup known to date.
We then present even larger aperiodic semigroups, generated by
transformations that map a non-empty subset of states to a single state; we
call such transformations and semigroups semiconstant. In particular, we
examine semiconstant tree semigroups which have a structure based on full
binary trees. The semiconstant tree semigroups are at present the best
candidates for largest aperiodic semigroups.
We also prove that is an upper bound on the state complexity of
reversal of star-free languages, and resolve an open problem about a special
case of state complexity of concatenation of star-free languages.Comment: 22 pages, 1 figure, 2 table
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