116,057 research outputs found
Setting Standards for Fair Information Practice in the U.S. Private Sector
The confluence of plans for an Information Superhighway, actual industry self-regulatory practices, and international pressure dictate renewed consideration of standard setting for fair information practices in the U.S. private sector. The legal rules, industry norms, and business practices that regulate the treatment of personal information in the United States are organized in a wide and dispersed manner. This Article analyzes how these standards are established in the U.S. private sector. Part I argues that the U.S. standards derive from the influence of American political philosophy on legal rule making and a preference for dispersed sources of information standards. Part II examines the aggregation of legal rules, industry norms, and business practice from these various decentralized sources. Part III ties the deficiencies back to the underlying U.S. philosophy and argues that the adherence to targeted standards has frustrated the very purposes of the narrow, ad hoc regulatory approach to setting private sector standards. Part IV addresses the irony that European pressure should force the United States to revisit the setting of standards for the private sector
Opinion diversity and community formation in adaptive networks
It is interesting and of significant importance to investigate how network
structures co-evolve with opinions. The existing models of such co-evolution
typically lead to the final states where network nodes either reach a global
consensus or break into separated communities, each of which holding its own
community consensus. Such results, however, can hardly explain the richness of
real-life observations that opinions are always diversified with no global or
even community consensus, and people seldom, if not never, totally cut off
themselves from dissenters. In this article, we show that, a simple model
integrating consensus formation, link rewiring and opinion change allows
complex system dynamics to emerge, driving the system into a dynamic
equilibrium with co-existence of diversified opinions. Specifically, similar
opinion holders may form into communities yet with no strict community
consensus; and rather than being separated into disconnected communities,
different communities remain to be interconnected by non-trivial proportion of
inter-community links. More importantly, we show that the complex dynamics may
lead to different numbers of communities at steady state with a given tolerance
between different opinion holders. We construct a framework for theoretically
analyzing the co-evolution process. Theoretical analysis and extensive
simulation results reveal some useful insights into the complex co-evolution
process, including the formation of dynamic equilibrium, the phase transition
between different steady states with different numbers of communities, and the
dynamics between opinion distribution and network modularity, etc.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, Journa
Analysis of the strong coupling constant and the decay width of with QCD sum rules
In this article, we calculate the form factors and the coupling constant of
the vertex using the three-point QCD sum rules. We
consider the contributions of the vacuum condensates up to dimension in the
operator product expansion(OPE). And all possible off-shell cases are
considered, , and , resulting in three different form
factors. Then we fit the form factors into analytical functions and extrapolate
them into time-like regions, which giving the coupling constant for the
process. Our analysis indicates that the coupling constant for this vertex is
. The results of this work are very useful
in the other phenomenological analysis. As an application, we calculate the
coupling constant for the decay channel and
analyze the width of this decay with the assumption of the vector meson
dominance of the intermediate . Our final result about the decay
width of this decay channel is .Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1501.03088 by other author
A class of anisotropic (Finsler-) space-time geometries
A particular Finsler-metric proposed in [1,2] and describing a geometry with
a preferred null direction is characterized here as belonging to a subclass
contained in a larger class of Finsler-metrics with one or more preferred
directions (null, space- or timelike). The metrics are classified according to
their group of isometries. These turn out to be isomorphic to subgroups of the
Poincar\'e (Lorentz-) group complemented by the generator of a dilatation. The
arising Finsler geometries may be used for the construction of relativistic
theories testing the isotropy of space. It is shown that the Finsler space with
the only preferred null direction is the anisotropic space closest to isotropic
Minkowski-space of the full class discussed.Comment: 12 pages, latex, no figure
Triple-gap superconductivity of MgB2 - (La,Sr)MnO3 composite. Which of the gaps is proximity induced?
Interplay of superconductivity and magnetism in a composite prepared of the
ferromagnetic half-metallic La_0.67Sr_0.33MnO (LSMO) nanoparticles and the
conventional s-wave superconductor MgB_2 has been studied. A few principal
effects have been found in bulk samples. With an onset of the MgB_2
superconductivity, a spectacular drop of the sample resistance has been
detected and superconductivity has been observed at temperature up to 20K.
Point-contact (PC) spectroscopy has been used to measure directly the
superconducting energy coupling. For small voltage, an excess current and
doubling of the PC's normal state conductance have been found. Conductance
peaks corresponding to three energy gaps are clearly observed. Two of these
gaps we identified as enhanced \Delta_{\pi} and \Delta_{\sigma} gaps
originating from the MgB_2; the third gap \Delta_{tr} is more than three times
larger than the largest MgB_2 gap. The experimental results provide unambiguous
evidences for a new type of proximity effect which follows the phase coherency
scenario of proximity induced superconductivity. Specifically, at low
temperature, the p-wave spin-triplet condensate with pairing energy \Delta_{tr}
is essentially sustained in LSMO but is incapable to display long-range
supercurrent response because of a phase-disordering state. The proximity
coupling to MgB_2 restores the long-range phase coherency of the triplet
superconducting state, which, in turn, enhances superconducting state of the
MgB_2.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure
- …