Antipsychotic drug use in pregnancy: A multinational study from ten countries

Aim: To compare the prevalence and trends of antipsychotic drug use during pregnancy between countries across four continents

Childhood diabetes mellitus and early-onset kidney diseases later in life: a nationwide population-based matched cohort study

Abstract Background The empirical evidence remains inconclusive for an association between diabetes mellitus (DM) in children and early-onset kidney disease later in life, and little is known about the effects of DM types (i.e., type 1 diabetes [T1DM] and type 2 diabetes [T2DM]) in childhood on type-specific kidney diseases. We aimed to evaluate the association of childhood DM with overall and type-specific early-onset kidney diseases later in life. Methods The population-based matched cohort study included 9356 individuals with DM (T1DM: 8470, T2DM: 886) diagnosed in childhood (< 18 years) who were born between 1977 and 2016, and 93,560 individuals without DM matched on sex and year of birth in Denmark. The main outcomes were overall and type-specific early-onset kidney diseases. The follow-up period of all included participants was from the date of DM diagnosis in the exposure group until the first diagnosis of kidney disease, emigration, or 31 December 2018, whichever came first. Results During a median follow-up of 13 years, children with DM had a 154% increased risk of early-onset kidney diseases than children without DM (adjusted hazard ratios 2.54, 95% confidence intervals 2.38–2.72), and T1DM (2.48, 2.31–2.67) and T2DM (2.75, 2.28–3.31) showed similar results. Children with DM also had a higher risk of multiple specific kidney diseases including glomerular diseases, renal tubulo-interstitial diseases, renal failure, and urolithiasis. The risks of type-specific kidney diseases including glomerular diseases and renal failure tended to be higher for children with T2DM (glomerular diseases: 5.84, 3.69–9.24; renal failure: 14.77, 8.53–25.59) than those with T1DM (glomerular diseases: 3.14, 2.57–3.83; renal failure: 8.24, 6.66–10.20). Conclusions Children with DM had a higher increased risk of early-onset overall and specific kidney diseases later in life. Early prevention and treatment of both T1DM and T2DM in childhood may significantly reduce the risk of kidney diseases later in life

Additional file 1 of Childhood diabetes mellitus and early-onset kidney diseases later in life: a nationwide population-based matched cohort study

Additional file 1: Supplementary results. Fig. S1. Flow chartof inclusion/exclusion of participants in this study. Fig. S2. Cumulative incidence of overall early-onset kidneydiseases later in life among children by age of diagnosis of type 1 diabetesmellitus (0-5, 6-12, and 13-17 years). Fig. S3. Cumulative incidence of overall early-onset kidney diseases later inlife among children by age of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (0-5, 6-12,and 13-17 years). Table S1. International Classification of Diseases codes for diabetes mellitus and kidneydisease. Table S2. Associations ofchildhood diabetes with overall and type-specific early-onset kidney diseaseslater in life stratified for sex. TableS3. Associations of childhood diabetes with overall and type-specificearly-onset kidney diseases later in life stratified for periods of birth. Table S4. Associations of childhooddiabetes with overall and type-specific early-onset kidney diseases later inlife stratified for diagnosed age. TableS5. Associations of childhood diabetes with overall and type-specificearly-onset kidney disease later in life stratified for diabetes duration. Table S6. Associations of childhooddiabetes with overall and type-specific early-onset kidney disease later inlife stratified for number of diabetic complications. Table S7. Associations of childhood diabetes with overall andtype-specific early-onset kidney diseases later in life using a sibling design.Table S8. Associations of childhooddiabetes with overall and type-specific early-onset kidney diseases later inlife after excluding participants with one, three, or five years of diabetesduration. Table S9. Associations ofchildhood diabetes with overall and type-specific early-onset kidney diseaselater in life after exclusion of those without the use of hypoglycemic drugs. Table S10. Associations of childhooddiabetes with overall and type-specific early-onset kidney diseases later inlife after further adjustment for the use of nephroprotective therapy