The energetic impact of small CdxTey clusters on Cadmium Telluride

Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) is an excellent material for low-cost, high efficiency thin film solar cells. It is important to do research on how these defects are formed during the growth process, since defects lower the efficiency of solar cells. In this work we use computer simulation to predict the growth of a sputter deposited CdTe thin film. Single deposition tests have been performed, to study the behaviour of deposited clusters under different conditions. We deposit a CdxTey (x,y = 0,1) cluster onto the (100) and (111) Cd and Te terminated surfaces with energies ranging from 1 to 40 eV. More than 1000 simulations have been performed for each of these cases so as to sample the possible deposition positions and to collect sufficient statistics. The results show that Cd atoms are more readily sputtered from the surface than Te atoms and the sticking probability is higher on Te terminated surfaces than Cd terminated surfaces. They also show that increasing the deposition energy typically leads to an increase in the number of atoms sputtered from the system and tends to decrease the number of atoms that sit on or in the surface layer, whilst increasing the number of interstitials observed

Using atomistic simulations to model Cadmium Telluride thin film growth

Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is an excellent material for low-cost, high efficiency thin film solar cells. It is important to conduct research on how defects are formed during the growth process, since defects lower the efficiency of solar cells. In this work we use computer simulation to predict the growth of a sputter deposited CdTe thin film. On-the-fly kinetic Monte Carlo technique is used to simulate the CdTe thin film growth on the (1 1 1) surfaces. The results show that on the (1 1 1) surfaces the growth mechanisms on surfaces which are terminated by Cd or Te are quite different, regardless of the deposition energy (0.1\sim 10 eV). On the Te-terminated (1 1 1) surface the deposited clusters first form a single mixed species layer, then the Te atoms in the mixed layer moved up to form a new layer. Whilst on the Cd-terminated (1 1 1) surface the new Cd and Te layers are formed at the same time. Such differences are probably caused by stronger bonding between ad-atoms and surface atoms on the Te layer than on the Cd layer

Analyse des événements festifs et religieux dans le Petit Maghreb sous l'approche de la médiation

Travail dirigé présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade Maîtrise (M.Sc.) en criminologie option sécurité intérieureContexte et objectifs : La présente étude vise à prolonger la réflexion sur les paradigmes du maintien de l'ordre dans le contexte de gestion de foules, et tout particulièrement sur un paradigme tourné vers la médiation. Plus précisément, cette étude analyse les évènements festifs et religieux du Petit Maghreb en décrivant l'approche de la médiation, en évaluant leurs bienfaits et leurs limites, et en identifiant les éléments exportables dans d'autres évènements semblables. Méthodologie : Les données utilisées pour l'étude proviennent des entretiens avec divers membres du Service de police de la ville de Montréal (SPVM) et de l'organisme communautaire Tandem VSP. Les données qualitatives furent recueillies à l'aide de deux principales stratégies. Premièrement, la technique d'entrevue nous a permis de connaître le processus d'intégration de l'approche de médiation au sein du corps de police. Deuxièmement, l'observation participante nous a permis d'analyser les interactions entre les acteurs de sécurité et la population et de leurs influences dans un contexte de gestion de foules. Résultats : L'approche de la médiation semble avoir apporté des résultats intéressants en réduisant la probabilité d'escalade de la violence, et en limitant le recours à des formes plus coercitives de gestion de foules. Par contre, elle n'est pas une approche universelle qui peut être intégrée à l'ensemble des évènements nécessitant un service d’ordre, mais ce modèle de gestion de foules peut être mis à profit pour se rapprocher d'une communauté particulière et faciliter le travail des policiers dans un contexte relativement pacifique et à faible risque de violence. Conclusion : Les résultats démontrent que les expertises des médiateurs urbains ont contribué énormément à maintenir la gestion de foules au niveau local, notamment en répondant aux principales problématiques lors de la Coupe du monde 2014. En fait, ces intervenants non policiers représentent un outil stratégique intéressant en raison de leurs connaissances approfondies de la communauté maghrébine et leur capacité à intervenir par « l'intérieur ».Background and objectives. The current study aims to extend the reflexion about the paradigm of public order policing in the context of crowd management and, more particularly, one that is geared towards mediation. Specifically, this study describes the mediation approach that has been observed during festive and religious events in the Little Maghreb (Petit Maghreb), evaluates its advantages and its limitations and also identify elements that could be generalized to similar events. Methods. Data used in the present study come from interviews conducted with several members of the Service de police de la Ville de Montréal (SPVM) and the community organization Tandem VSP. Qualitative data were collected using two main strategies. First, the interviews allowed a better understanding as regards to the integration process of the mediation approach within the police service. Second, an analysis of the interactions between security actors and the population as well as their influences over crowd management was conducted through participant observation. Results. According to our observations, the mediation approach appears to reduce the probability of violence escalation, as well as limiting the need to resort to more coercive crowd management strategies. Although, such approach cannot be widely generalized to all events requiring a police contingent, it can nevertheless be of benefit to bring the liaison officers closer to a particular community. Furthermore, it facilitates police officers’ task in a relatively pacific context, in which the risk of violence is rather low. Conclusion. Results show that Tandem VSP mediators possess the abilities to maintain public order within a crowd without having to resort to external resources, particularly by responding to the main issues during the 2014 FIFA World Cup. In fact, these community workers own a thorough knowledge of the Maghrebian culture and their ability to operate from the “inside” makes them a valuable assets to crowd management strategies

The association of types of training and practice settings with doctors’ empathy and patient enablement among patients with chronic illness in Hong Kong

Background: The increase in non-communicable disease (NCD) is becoming a global health problem and there is an increasing need for primary care doctors to look after these patients although whether family doctors are adequately trained and prepared is unknown. Objective: This study aimed to determine if doctors with family medicine (FM) training are associated with enhanced empathy in consultation and enablement for patients with chronic illness as compared to doctors with internal medicine training or without any postgraduate training in different clinic settings. Methods: This was a cross-sectional questionnaire survey using the validated Chinese version of the Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE) Measure as well as Patient Enablement Instrument (PEI) for evaluation of quality and outcome of care. 14 doctors from hospital specialist clinics (7 with family medicine training, and 7 with internal medicine training) and 13 doctors from primary care clinics (7 with family medicine training, and 6 without specialist training) were recruited. In total, they consulted 823 patients with chronic illness. The CARE Measure and PEI scores were compared amongst doctors in these clinics with different training background: family medicine training, internal medicine training and those without specialist training. Generalized estimation equation (GEE) was used to account for cluster effects of patients nested with doctors. <b>Results</b> Within similar clinic settings, FM trained doctors had higher CARE score than doctors with no FM training. In hospital clinics, the difference of the mean CARE score for doctors who had family medicine training (39.2, SD = 7.04) and internal medicine training (35.5, SD = 8.92) was statistically significant after adjusting for consultation time and gender of the patient. In the community care clinics, the mean CARE score for doctors with family medicine training and those without specialist training were 32.1 (SD = 7.95) and 29.2 (SD = 7.43) respectively, but the difference was not found to be significant. For PEI, patients receiving care from doctors in the hospital clinics scored significantly higher than those in the community clinics, but there was no significant difference in PEI between patients receiving care from doctors with different training backgrounds within similar clinic setting. Conclusion: Family medicine training was associated with higher patient perceived empathy for chronic illness patients in the hospital clinics. Patient enablement appeared to be associated with clinic settings but not doctors’ training background. Training in family medicine and a clinic environment that enables more patient doctor time might help in enhancing doctors’ empathy and enablement for chronic illness patients

Galactic Center Radio Constraints on Gamma-Ray Lines from Dark Matter Annihilation

Recent evidence for one or more gamma-ray lines at ~ 130 GeV in the Fermi-LAT data from the Galactic Center has been interpreted as a hint for dark matter annihilation to Z{\gamma} or H{\gamma} with an annihilation cross section, ~ 10^{-27} cm^3 s^{-1} . We test this hypothesis by comparing synchrotron fluxes due to the electrons and positrons from the decay of the Z or the H boson only in the Galactic Center against radio data from the same region in the Galactic Center. We find that the radio data from single dish telescopes marginally constrain this interpretation of the claimed gamma lines for a contracted NFW profile. Already-operational radio telescopes such as LWA, VLA-Low and LOFAR, and future radio telescopes like SKA, which are sensitive to annihilation cross sections as small as 10^{-28} cm^3 s^{-1}, can confirm or rule out this scenario very soon. We discuss the assumptions on the dark matter profile, magnetic fields, and background radiation density profiles, and show that the constraints are relatively robust for any reasonable assumptions. Independent of the above said recent developments, we emphasize that our radio constraints apply to all models where dark matter annihilates to Z{\gamma} or H{\gamma}.Comment: v3: 18 pages, 7 figures. Minor changes. Published in Phys. Rev.