Interaction of Communities with Forest in the Utilization of Non-Timber Forest Product in Segati Village Sub-District Langgam District Pelalawan Riau Province

Interaction between people and forests have lasted long enough for forests provide benefits to society such as non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Behavior between communities and forests in the utilization of NTFPs is a form of interaction that occurs between people and forests. Village which is the object of this research is segati village in order to determine the shape and pattern of interaction communitieswithforestin the utilization of NTFPs and to determine the location of the distribution of the use of NTFPs in the village Segati. This study was conducted for 6 months starting in January 2013 to June 2013. Data collected in this study is by interview and observation. The sampling method was performed using purpossive sampling method with the criteria segati rural communities, which interact directly with the forest and the companies related with the utilization of the data is performed NTFPs segati villagers. The results of this study indicate a form of interaction that occurred in the community in the utilization of NTFPs that positive interactions and negative interactions with regular and seasonal patterns of interaction. For the location of the distribution of the utilization of NTFPs is done in two locations: in the concession area and outside of concession area

Karakteristik Habitat Dan Penyebaran Kulim (Scorodocarpus Borneensis Becc.) Di Hutan Larangan Adat Rumbio

Kulim (Schorodocarpus borneensis Becc.) is the multipurpose tree species(MPTS), almost the part of tree can be used at this time, although most economic value is wood. Kulim is one of the species that already rare the forest. The aims of this research was to determine the characteristic of kulim in the prohibition tradition Rumbio forest and the distribution of kulim from the seedlimg and it is habitat. This research was conducted in March-April 2016 in the prohibition Rumbio forest. This research using primary data and secondary data. The data collect from systematic sampling with random start technic and plot sizing 50 m x 50 m using purposive sampling technique. Kulim has a habitat on sandy loam, yellowish brown, average water content 5,88% with pH 5,40 (acid). Kulim is located at altitude 93 mdpl-103 mdpl. Average temperatures 25,71 ˚C and average humidity 71,46 %, the thickness of the litter 45 cm. Total of the species 32, Shorealeprosula higher 22,32 INP.Macaca nemestrina, Tupaia javanica, Sus scrofa,Hebarctus malayus and Neofelis nebulosa is the species of animal can be found and can indentify around kulim. Parent tree can be found in the prohibition traditional Rumbio as much as 5 individuals from five lines. Regeneration of kulim for seedlings found 60 individuals farthest distance seedlings from parent tree 1015 cm and the closest distance 57 cm

Strategi Pencegahan Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan Berdasarkan Persepsi Masyarakat di Desa Dayun Kabupaten Siak

This study aims to determine the strategy for the prevention of forest fires and land based on public perception in the village of Dayun Siak district. The method used in this research is purposive sampling method. Data analysis using analysis of percentage and SWOT analysis. The result showed that the forest fires and land frequently occur are influenced by social conditions like cultural society that opening land by burning which is still often done and majority of people's livelihoods as farmers. Forest fire prevention effort and land that has been done by the people of the village of Dayun which is liaising with the parties or institutions in the prevention of forest fires and land. Based on the SWOT analysis, strategies prevention of the forest fires and land based on public perception is improving the skills of community through community care of fire, improving the facilities and infrastructure of the forest and land fires prevention for communities and strict law enforcement to arsonists forest and land

Solvent contribution to the stability of a physical gel characterized by quasi-elastic neutron scattering

The dynamics of a physical gel, namely the Low Molecular Mass Organic Gelator {\textit Methyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-$\alpha$ -D-mannopyranoside ($\alpha$-manno)} in water and toluene are probed by neutron scattering. Using high gelator concentrations, we were able to determine, on a timescale from a few ps to 1 ns, the number of solvent molecules that are immobilised by the rigid network formed by the gelators. We found that only few toluene molecules per gelator participate to the network which is formed by hydrogen bonding between the gelators' sugar moieties. In water, however, the interactions leading to the gel formations are weaker, involving dipolar, hydrophobic or $\pi-\pi$ interactions and hydrogen bonds are formed between the gelators and the surrounding water. Therefore, around 10 to 14 water molecules per gelator are immobilised by the presence of the network. This study shows that neutron scattering can give valuable information about the behaviour of solvent confined in a molecular gel.Comment: Langmuir (2015

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection for multielement flow injection analysis and elemental speciation by reversed-phase liquid chromatography

The feasibility of using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer as a muitieiement detector for flow injection analysis (FIA) and ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography was investigated. Sample introduction was by uitrasonk nebulization with aerosol desolvation. Absolute detecton limits for FIA ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 ng for most elements using 10-pL injections. Over 30 elements were surveyed for their response to both anionic and cationic ion pairing reagents. The separation and selective detection of various As and Se species were demonstrated, yielding detection limits near 0.1 ng (as element) for ail six species present. Determination of 15 elements in a single injection with multiple ion monitoring produced shniiar detection limits. Isotope ratios were measured with sufficient precision (better than 2%) and accuracy (about 1 %) on eluting peaks of Cd and Pb to demonstrate that liquid chromatographyhductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry should make speciation studies with stable tracer isotopes feasible

Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Family Member RelB Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Tat-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Production

Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is likely neuroinflammatory in origin, believed to be triggered by inflammatory and oxidative stress responses to cytokines and HIV protein gene products such as the HIV transactivator of transcription (Tat). Here we demonstrate increased messenger RNA for nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) family member, transcription factor RelB, in the brain of doxycycline-induced Tat transgenic mice, and increased RelB synthesis in Tat-exposed microglial cells. Since genetic ablation of RelB in mice leads to multi-organ inflammation, we hypothesized that Tat-induced, newly synthesized RelB inhibits cytokine production by microglial cells, possibly through the formation of transcriptionally inactive RelB/RelA complexes. Indeed, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) production in monocytes isolated from RelB deficient mice was significantly higher than in monocytes isolated from RelB expressing controls. Moreover, RelB overexpression in microglial cells inhibited Tat-induced TNFα synthesis in a manner that involved transcriptional repression of the TNFα promoter, and increased phosphorylation of RelA at serine 276, a prerequisite for increased RelB/RelA protein interactions. The Rel-homology-domain within RelB was necessary for this interaction. Overexpression of RelA itself, in turn, significantly increased TNFα promoter activity, an effect that was completely blocked by RelB overexpression. We conclude that RelB regulates TNFα cytokine synthesis by competitive interference binding with RelA, which leads to downregulation of TNFα production. Moreover, because Tat activates both RelB and TNFα in microglia, and because Tat induces inflammatory TNFα synthesis via NF-κB, we posit that RelB serves as a cryoprotective, anti-inflammatory, counter-regulatory mechanism for pathogenic NF-κB activation. These findings identify a novel regulatory pathway for controlling HIV-induced microglial activation and cytokine production that may have important therapeutic implications for the management of HAND

Sickness behaviour pushed too far – the basis of the syndrome seen in severe protozoal, bacterial and viral diseases and post-trauma

Certain distinctive components of the severe systemic inflammatory syndrome are now well-recognized to be common to malaria, sepsis, viral infections, and post-trauma illness. While their connection with cytokines has been appreciated for some time, the constellation of changes that comprise the syndrome has simply been accepted as an empirical observation, with no theory to explain why they should coexist. New data on the effects of the main pro-inflammatory cytokines on the genetic control of sickness behaviour can be extended to provide a rationale for why this syndrome contains many of its accustomed components, such as reversible encephalopathy, gene silencing, dyserythropoiesis, seizures, coagulopathy, hypoalbuminaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia. It is thus proposed that the pattern of pathology that comprises much of the systemic inflammatory syndrome occurs when one of the usually advantageous roles of pro-inflammatory cytokines – generating sickness behaviour by moderately repressing genes (Dbp, Tef, Hlf, Per1, Per2 and Per3, and the nuclear receptor Rev-erbα) that control circadian rhythm – becomes excessive. Although reversible encephalopathy and gene silencing are severe events with potentially fatal consequences, they can be viewed as having survival advantages through lowering energy demand. In contrast, dyserythropoiesis, seizures, coagulopathy, hypoalbuminaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia may best be viewed as unfortunate consequences of extreme repression of these same genetic controls when the pro-inflammatory cytokines that cause sickness behaviour are produced excessively. As well as casting a new light on the previously unrationalized coexistence of these aspects of systemic inflammatory diseases, this concept is consistent with the case for a primary role for inflammatory cytokines in their pathogenesis across this range of diseases