Study of the concentration of histamine in the hypothysis and brain of the rabbit and of the changes produced by treatment with amino acids and drugs

The rise of brain histamine seen after the infusion of histidine was probably due to local decarboxylation of the amino acid* Other factors however, may have contributed to the result and are discussed below:(a) Histamine in whole blood. Histidine may have been decarboxylated in formed elements of blood, particularly platelets (S. 1/5), thereby leading to a rise of histamine in whole blood. Residual blood in the cerebral vessels would then increase the concentration of histamine extractable from brain. This assumption was tested in various ways and the following evidence was obtained:(1) An increase in whole blood histamine after treatment with histidine was not detected (Table 18 and Pig. 6). Had there been an increase one might have expected to find a uniform concentration of the amine in various parts of the brain. But this was not sot the rise occurred unevenly and corresponded to the pattern of distribution for histamine.(2) In 6 rabbits out of 9, infused with histidine ( 3 x 500 mg/Kg over 24 hr), the head was perfused with Ringer-Locke solution (S. 2/6). The concentration of histamine in brain was not diminished and the rise was comparable with that obtained after bleeding only (Table 18).(b) Histamine in Decarboxylation of histidine by platelets and other tissues of the body may have raised the plasma histamine.However, when histamine was infused intravenously the concentration in the hypothalamus and thalamus did not rise significantly (Table 19 and Pig. 7).The results of all these experiments support the conclusion that most of the histamine extract-' able from brain of histidine-treated rabbits is histamine of tissue origin and not derived from residual blood or formed as an artifact from histidine.Although the uptake of histidine by brain has been studied in other species both in vitro (Neame, 1961, 1962) and in vivo (Kamin and Handler 1951), similar studies have yet to be performed in the rabbit. In the present work (Appendix 1 ) a high concentration of histidine in the rabbit brain was found after treatment with the amino acid. Since histamine disappears rapidly from the circulation (S. 1/9) and does not enter the brain in measurable quantities (S. 1/8, Table 19 and Fig. 7), it may be concluded that the rise of histamine concentration occurred because histidine entered the brain and was decarboxylated.Hlstidine, DOPA and 5-HTP are deearboxylated in the cytoplasm (see Gaddum, 1956; Rosengren, I960), During the shuttling between the cytoplasm and granules, histamine runs the risk of methylation (S. l/7). The final concentration of histamine in cells may therefore represent the amine which has escaped catabolism (Green, 1962). "The likelihood of a highly organized system in the synthesis and intracellular transport of the amines is strengthened by observations suggesting that the cell may handle exogenous and endogenous amines differently (Green, 1962)§ intact brain formed more MH from exogenous histamine than from endogenous histamine (White, I960), The same cells that contain biogenic amines almost invariably contain enzymes that catabollze them. The activity of these enzymes is so high that the persistence of significant stores of amines would be most improbable unless the enzymes were either inactive In situ or not accessible to the amine.The massive increase in brain histamine, which followed the infusion of histidine, was not accompanied by obvious pharmacological effects on behaviour this might suggest that the amine was stored in granules. The slow disappearance of the newly-formed histamine (Fig. 8) supports this vie

Syntheses of Some Schiff Base Nematic Mesogens and the Study of Their Binary Phase Diagrams by Miscibility Experiments

The following four Schiff base compounds known to exhibit the nematic phase only have been prepared.(a)2-Hydroxy-4-Ethoxybenzylidene-4-Butylaniline(OH-EBBA).(b)4-Cyanobenzylidene-4-methoxyaniline (CNBMeOA). (c) 2-Hydroxy – 4 - Methoxybenzylidene-4-Butylaniline (OH-MBBA).(d) 4- Methylbenzylidene -4- cyanoaniline (MeBCNA). The compounds have been characterized by UV/VIS, IR, and Hʹ NMR spectra. Two binary systems were prepared. System 1, by mixing OH – EBBA and CNBMeOA; and system 2, by mixing OH –MBBA and MeBCNA. The liquid crystalline behavior of the prepared compounds and those of the mixtures of the two systems was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and hot-stage polarized optical microscopy (POM). Comparative study on the binary phase diagrams of the two systems revealed that, the permanent dipole – induced dipole interactions responsible for the induced phases, semctic C (SmC) and smectic A (Sm A), over a long range of mole fractions, are much stronger in system 1 than in system 2 . An explanation for this behavior has been put forward

Non-metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma treated with photodynamic therapy using intravenous mTHPC

INTRODUCTION Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method of treating various pathologies. In this retrospective study with prospective intent, a total of 22 patients with T1/T2 N0 cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were treated with intravenous mTHPC (meta-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin) and surface illumination PDT. Comparisons with the clinical features, rate of recurrence and overall outcome were made. MATERIALS AND METHODS Surface illumination PDT was offered under local anaesthesia. 0.05 mg/kg mTHPC was administered intravenously into the midcubital vein 48 h prior to tissue illumination. A single-channel 652 nm diode laser was used for illumination and light was delivered at 20 J/cm2 per site. Lesion response evaluation was carried out according to Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST). RESULTS Clinical assessment revealed that 16 patients had lesions of <2 cm in size (T1), while the rest were T2. No nodal involvement was identified in any of the patients. None of the patients had a locally recurrent lesion. During the 3-year follow-up, 20/22 patients had complete response (CR) and this was after one round of treatment. Two patients suffered from recurrent disease within 3 years of the follow-up, and they underwent surgical resection. CONCLUSION PDT achieved high efficacy in the treatment of T1N0 cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with greatly reduced morbidity and disfigurement. The technique is simple, can commonly be carried out in outpatient clinics, and is highly acceptable to patients

A Swin-Transformer-based Model for Efficient Compression of Turbulent Flow Data

This study proposes a novel deep-learning-based method for generating reduced representations of turbulent flows that ensures efficient storage and transfer while maintaining high accuracy during decompression. A Swin-Transformer network combined with a physical constraints-based loss function is utilized to compress the turbulent flows with high compression ratios and then restore the data with the underlying physical properties. The forced isotropic turbulent flow is used to demonstrate the ability of the Swin-Transformer-based (ST) model, where the instantaneous and statistical results show the excellent ability of the model to recover the flow data with remarkable accuracy. Furthermore, the capability of the ST model is compared with a typical Convolutional Neural Network-based auto-encoder (CNN-AE) by using the turbulent channel flow at two friction Reynolds numbers $Re_\tau$ = 180 and 550. The results generated by the ST model are significantly more consistent with the DNS data than those recovered by the CNN-AE, indicating the superior ability of the ST model to compress and restore the turbulent flow. This study also compares the compression performance of the ST model at different compression ratios (CR) and finds that the model has low enough error even at very high CR. Additionally, the effect of transfer learning (TL) is investigated, showing that TL reduces the training time by 64\% while maintaining high accuracy. The results illustrate for the first time that the Swin-Transformer-based model incorporating a physically constrained loss function can compress and restore turbulent flows with the correct physics.Comment: 21 page, 16 figure

Comparative Anatomical Study of Leaves in Five Cupressaceae Gray. Taxa in Kurdistan Region - Iraq

This study investigates the leaf anatomy of five Cupressaceae taxa in the Kurdistan region-Iraq. Using the light microscope for numerical and descriptive anatomical variations of three species and two varieties belonging to Cupressus, Platycladus, and Juniperus genera were examined for Taxonomic value. These include the characters of epiderm, hypoderm, mesophyll layer, resin canals, transfusion tracheids, pith, and vascular bundles. There are significant differences among studied species and genera.  Cupressus taxa exhibit a similar cross-sectional outline. Cupressus arizonica has a larger resin canal (125.4 µm) and longer palisade cells (91.8×27 µm) compared to C. sempervirens varieties. Platycladus orientalis form a wide rhombic outline, with an abaxial resin canal similar to Juniperus oxycedrus and C. arizonica. J. oxycedrus has a triangle outline with a thick hypoderm that extends below the entire epiderm, except under stomatal depressions. While in Cupressus and Platycladus taxa, the hypoderm is restricted only to the abaxial surface of the leaf. J.oxycedrus lacks pith entirely, unlike Cupressus and Platycladus taxa where they form polygonal or slightly straight pith at the center of the vascular bundle.

An exhaustive review of studies on bio-inspired convergent-divergent riblets

Inspired by the unique textures of shark skin and bird flight feathers and tails, the convergent-divergent surface pattern holds promise in modulating boundary layer structures. This surface pattern exhibits protrusions precisely aligned obliquely (angled in the streamwise direction), often referred to as riblets. These riblets are renowned for their ability to influence the large-scale and very-large-scale structures that dominate the boundary layer. This study seeks to elucidate the influence of convergent-divergent riblets on the boundary layer, with a particular focus on the spanwise direction. We offer a review of research concerning vortex generation physics, emphasizing helicoidal and rotational motions within and adjacent to the riblet valleys. In addition, we examine research, both experimental and numerical, addressing key physical parameters of convergent-divergent riblets, including yaw angle, wavelength, viscous-scaled riblet height, fetch length, and the transition from riblets to a smooth surface. The potential for drag reduction using these bio-inspired riblets is examined. In addition, we delve into the different manufacturing techniques for convergent-divergent riblets. Finally, we discuss the possible commercial applications of the convergent-divergent design.Comment: 32 pages, 19 figure

Epithelial tissue thickness improves optical coherence tomography's ability in detecting oral cancer

BACKGROUND OCT is a non-invasive imaging technique that enables the measurement of epithelial thickness and architectural changes, which can help in the diagnosis of pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions. The purpose of the study was to assess whether epithelial tissue thickness improves optical coherence tomography’s ability in detecting oral cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Surgically resected oral margins from 60 patients diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma were subjected to OCT. Three OCT measurements (immediate, 1 h and 24 h post-resection) were conducted per resected tissue specimen to look at the effect of saline and formalin on the specimen and its effect on the reproducibility of the OCT. OCT was, then, used to measure the epithelial tissue thickness in cancer-free and cancer-involved margins in eight oral anatomical locations. This data was, then, combined with architectural changes data to calculate the sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS An overall of 189 cancer-free margins and 51 cancer-involved margins had their epithelial thickness measured using OCT and compared to histopathology. With regards to the validity of the OCT and histopathological measurements, epithelial thickness showed good correlation between different readings at all oral sites. With regards to the reproducibility of the OCT measurements, the mean epithelial thickness for all measurements at first (immediate) and second (1 h post-resection – saline preserved) measurements was not significantly different. Underestimation of the epithelial depth in cancer-free margins was 20 μm, while in the cancer-involved margins was 10 μm. Combining data from architectural changes and epithelial thickness, a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 94% was achieved. CONCLUSION Oral epithelium measurements using OCT were valid compared to those made with gold standard pathology. Measurements made using OCT was also reproducible with minor underestimation. Epithelial thickness, combined with architectural changes, led to high accuracy in differentiating between cancer-free and cancer-involved margins

Indoor Radon Concentration in Dwellings of Baghdad City and In Dora Refinery Using Rad-7 Detector

Indoor radon gas (222Rn) has been recognized as one of the health hazards for human. Rn-222 is the most important source of natural radiation and is responsible for approximately half of the received dose from all sources. Most of this dose is from inhalation of the Rn-222 progeny, especially in closed atmospheres. Air radon comes mainly from soil and construction materials. Radon concentration was measured in two room of   9 dwellings from various regions of Baghdad city and in Dora Refinery, electronic detector of radon Rad-7 was used which is an active measurement method. The results show that Radon concentrations of the dwellings were varied from (0) Bq m-3 to (82.6) Bq m-3 with an average activity value of (22.75) Bq m-3.  The results show that radon concentration was high in sample B4 and low in samples B2,B5, B6 ,B8, .and for Dora Refinery the high concentration was (71.3 ) Bq m-3 in sample D11 and low was (0) Bq m-3 in samples D1,D2,D4,D5,D6,D7 and D8 an average activity value 19.2 Bq m-3 . the annual effective dose ranged between ( 0-3.3) mSv/y, with a mean value 0.4 mSv/y for Baghdad city and ranged between (0-2.8) mSv/y with a mean value 0.4 mSv/y for Dora Refinery . These results are lower than the value 1 mSv/y recommended by ICRP report. Keywords: Radon, RAD-7, Baghdad city, Dora Refinery, Annual effective dose

A deep Learning approach for reconstructing 3D turbulent flows from 2D observation data

[EN] Turbulence is a complex phenomenon that has a chaotic nature with multiple spatio-temporal scales, making predictions of turbulent flows a challenging topic. Nowadays, an abundance of high-fidelity databases can be generated by experimental measurements and numerical simulations, but obtaining such accurate data in full-scale applications is currently not possible. This motivates utilising deep learning on subsets of the available data to reduce the required cost of reconstructing the full flow in such full-scale applications. Here, we develop a generative-adversarial-network (GAN)-based model to reconstruct the three-dimensional velocity fields from flow data represented by a cross-plane of unpaired two-dimensional velocity observations. The model could successfully reconstruct the flow fields with accurate flow structures, statistics and spectra. The results indicate that our model can be successfully utilised for reconstructing three-dimensional flows from two-dimensional experimental measurements. Consequently, a remarkable reduction in the complexity of the experimental setup and the storage cost can be achieved.This work was supported by Human Resources Program in Energy Technology' of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP), granted financial resource from the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy, Republic of Korea (no. 20214000000140). In addition, this work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (no. 2019R1I1A3A01058576). This work was also supported by the National Supercomputing Center with supercomputing resources including technical support (KSC-2021-CRE-0244). R.V. acknowledges the financial support from the ERC Grant No. "2021-CoG-101043998, DEEPCONTROL". SH was funded by Contract No. PID2021-128676OB-I00 of Ministerio de Ciencia, innovacion y Universidades/ FEDER.Yousif, MZ.; Yu, L.; Hoyas, S.; Vinuesa, R.; Lim, H. (2023). A deep Learning approach for reconstructing 3D turbulent flows from 2D observation data. Scientific Reports. 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29525-913