User Effects in Beam-Space MIMO

The performance and design of the novel single-RF-chain beam-space MIMO antenna concept is evaluated for the first time in the presence of the user. First, the variations of different performance parameters are evaluated when placing a beam-space MIMO antenna in close proximity to the user body in several typical operating scenarios. In addition to the typical degradation of conventional antennas in terms of radiation efficiency and impedance matching, it is observed that the user body corrupts the power balance and the orthogonality of the beam-space MIMO basis. However, capacity analyses show that throughput reduction mainly stems from the absorption in user body tissues rather than from the power imbalance and the correlation of the basis. These results confirm that the beam-space MIMO concept, so far only demonstrated in the absence of external perturbation, still performs very well in typical human body interaction scenarios.Comment: 4 pages, 7 figures, 2 table

Reconfigurable Antennas for Beam-Space MIMO Transmission with a Single Radio

MIMO techniques allow remarkable improvements in the reliability and/or transmission rate of wireless communication systems. However, there are several major challenges towards the implementation of conventional MIMO concept in terminals with size, cost, and power constraints. Firstly, insufficient space impedes the design of efficient and decorrelated MIMO antennas. Second, MIMO traditionally demands each antenna to be fed by its own RF chain, which in turn results in greater hardware complexity, larger power consumption, and higher implementation cost. Among all reduced-complexity and antenna-decoupling schemes proposed so far, the so-called beam-space MIMO has attracted a great deal of interest as a potential solution for addressing both problems concurrently. The key idea therein is to engineer the radiation pattern of a single-feed antenna structure for each symbol period, such that multiple independent symbols directly modulate a predefined set of orthogonal virtual patterns in the far-field, therefore allowing true MIMO transmission using a single RF chain and a compact antenna structure. More important in practice, the transmitted information can be retrieved using a conventional MIMO receiver. However, the transformation of this idea into reality entails dealing with various practical aspects that are commonly overlooked in theoretical and conceptual developments. This dissertation explores the beam-space MIMO concept from the perspective of the antenna engineering, and aims at addressing several key issues associated with the actual design and implementation of beam-space MIMO systems. The early developments of beam-space MIMO concerned switched parasitic arrays. However, the requirement of utilizing several physically-separate radiators is inconvenient for practicable implementation in compact portable devices. To solve this problem, a single-radiator load-modulated antenna solution is proposed in this dissertation. Another primary challenge consists in emulating high-order modulation schemes such as PSK with realistic hardware. Here, an efficient beam-space MIMO strategy is developed, which allows transmitting PSK data streams of any modulation order using only purely reactive reconfigurable loads, and without the need for a symbol-rate dynamic matching network. The approach is illustrated by the design and fabrication of a realistic antenna for QPSK signaling. The performance of a beam-space MIMO system which utilizes the fabricated antenna is then investigated through over-the-air experiments, and compared with conventional MIMO in realistic environments. Embedding information in the radiation patterns, beam-space MIMO systems are expected to be inherently prone to multiplexing performance degradation in the presence of external field perturbation. This makes the study of near-field interaction influence on beam-space MIMO distinct from those carried out for the case of conventional systems. This issue is considered for the first time in this dissertation. Moreover, like any reconfigurable system, a beam-space MIMO system may suffer from bandwidth expansion of the transmitted signals. The final part of the work is directed towards this important issue. To reduce out-of-band radiation effect, a solution based on shaping the time-domain response of the reconfigurable components is presented. The studies presented in this thesis constitute a crucial step towards MIMO with simpler and cheaper hardware for real-life terminals

Spatial Multiplexing of QPSK Signals with a Single Radio: Antenna Design and Over-the-Air Experiments

The paper describes the implementation and performance analysis of the first fully-operational beam-space MIMO antenna for the spatial multiplexing of two QPSK streams. The antenna is composed of a planar three-port radiator with two varactor diodes terminating the passive ports. Pattern reconfiguration is used to encode the MIMO information onto orthogonal virtual basis patterns in the far-field. A measurement campaign was conducted to compare the performance of the beam-space MIMO system with a conventional 2-by-?2 MIMO system under realistic propagation conditions. Propagation measurements were conducted for both systems and the mutual information and symbol error rates were estimated from Monte-Carlo simulations over the measured channel matrices. The results show the beam-space MIMO system and the conventional MIMO system exhibit similar finite-constellation capacity and error performance in NLOS scenarios when there is sufficient scattering in the channel. In comparison, in LOS channels, the capacity performance is observed to depend on the relative polarization of the receiving antennas.Comment: 31 pages, 23 figure

Efficient MIMO Transmission of PSK Signals With a Single-Radio Reconfigurable Antenna

Crucial developments to the recently introduced signal-space approach for multiplexing multiple data symbols using a single-radio switched antenna are presented. First, we introduce a general framework for expressing the spatial multiplexing relation of the transmit signals only from the antenna scattering parameters and the modulating reactive loading. This not only avoids tedious far-field calculations, but more importantly provides an efficient and practical strategy for spatially multiplexing PSK signals of any modulation order. The proposed approach allows ensuring a constant impedance matching at the input of the driving antenna for all symbol combinations, and as importantly uses only passive reconfigurable loads. This obviates the use of reconfigurable matching networks and active loads, respectively, thereby overcoming stringent limitations of previous single-feed MIMO techniques in terms of complexity, efficiency, and power consumption. The proposed approach is illustrated by the design of a realistic very compact antenna system optimized for multiplexing QPSK signals. The results show that the proposed approach can bring the MIMO benefits to the low-end user terminals at a reduced RF complexity.Comment: 30 pages, 6 figures. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 201

Pattern-reconfigurable built-in antenna for data multiplexing with a single radio

Beam-space multiplexing has been demonstrated as a promising approach for transmitting multiple signals while using a single RF chain. This paper presents a novel beam-space antenna design that is very compact and integrated into a hypothetical portable platform. To provide required pattern reconfigurability, two silicon p-i-n diodes are used as the sole needed mounted elements, resulting in simpler reconfigurable loads and DC bias networks compared to previous works. A fully-operational antenna prototype is fabricated and measured, showing excellent agreement between simulations and measurements. The antenna can be used for single-radio multiplexing of two BPSK signals, enabling MIMO transmission in reduced-complexity hardware for future wireless applications

Design and Implementation of Parasitic Antenna Arrays for Beamspace-MIMO

This chapter discusses different key issues related to the actual design and implementation of parasitic antenna arrays for the novel beamspace-MIMO concept. The proposed design strategies are illustrated by a concrete operational prototype. The chapter also briefly discusses the possibility of considering realistic antenna elements for practical portable applications as well as the effects of the operating environment on the system performance

Multiple antenna

A multi-input, multi-output antenna comprises an electrically conductive body, generally symmetrical about a plane of symmetry. An active port (Feed point) is located on the plane, a first parasitic port (1) is located on one side of the plane, and a second parasitic port (2) is located on the other side of the plane, generally symmetrically to the first parasitic port. An RF module is connected to the active port (Feed point), and each of the first and second parasitic ports (1, 2) are connected to a respective load (6, 7) of variable impedance. The design of the antenna is intended for beamspace MIMO that can be effectively incorporated in a compact, low-cost mobile terminal

A Practical Technique for Accurately Modeling reconfigurable Lumped Components in Commercial Full-Wave Solvers [EurAAP Corner]

A practical approach for accurately modeling reconfigurable lumped components, such as semiconductor diodes or micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), in commercial full-wave solvers is presented. First, an equivalent-circuit model is extracted from a calibrated measurement of the isolated component. This model is then carefully corrected for its insertion into commercial software packages in order to achieve excellent agreement between simulated and measured results. Among other things, it is shown that failing to do such a correction can lead to much higher errors than typical lumped-element manufacturer tolerances. The procedure is illustrated by the precise modeling of a p-i-n diode embedded in a reconfigurable antenna. The approach is obviously also applicable to fixed lumped components used in biasing circuits, for instance