Grass clover ley species, variety selection and management

Grass clover leys form the basis of most organic farming systems yet the selection of seed mixtures is often founded on tradition or cost. Based on a review of recent and past research this review provides a wealth of information on grass and legume species and varieties, mixture selection, ley establishment and pasture management. The objective of the Grass Clover Ley research review are: 1. To identify all the relevant research undertaken 2. Collate the results of the research 3. Draw on farm and commercial experience 4. Summarise the practical implications of the research for organic farming 5. Facilitate access to the results of research to advisers in a form which allows easy transfer to farmers. The report presents key conclusions about the choice of legume and gras species and varietes, the management of swards and their role for fertility building

Effect of calcified seaweed application on grazing preference by dairy cows

This report was presented at the UK Organic Research 2002 Conference. An experiment was carried out to determine whether the application of calcified seaweed improved the preference of organic dairy cows for pasture. Two treatments were applied in May 2001; calcified seaweed applied at 625kg/ha (C+) or no application (C-). The number of cows grazing within individual plots was recorded in July and August 2001. A significantly higher number of cows were recorded in C+ plots than in C- plots. This effect could not be explained by changes in soil or herbage analysis. There may have been additional unknown effects of the C+ treatment on herbage palatability but the results may also have been influenced by external factors such as the location of water troughs

Nachhaltige Tiergesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit im ökologischen Landbau – Bericht vom ersten Workshop des SAFO-Netzwerks

Das von der EU finanzierte SAFO-Projekt soll in Europa eine positive Entwicklung der Tiergesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit in der biologischen Tierhaltung vorantreiben. Aktuelle Forschungsresultate werden von Forschern verschiedener Fachrichtungen vorgestellt und mit Politikern, Landwirten und Konsumenten diskutiert. Aufgrund des Themenschwerpunktes sind insbesondere auch Forscher und Praktiker aus der Veterinärmedizin angesprochen. Das Thema des ersten der fünf Workshops im September 2003 war: „Sozioökonomische Aspekte der Tiergesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit im biologischen Landbau“. Ein Ziel des Gremiums ist es Empfehlungen für die Weiterentwicklung der EU-Verordnung zur ökologischen Tierhaltung abzugeben. Eine eigens dafür eingerichtete Arbeitsgruppe kam zu dem Schluss, möglichst viele Interessengruppen in diesen Prozess einzubeziehen. Im Rahmen einer Umfrage sollen sich Vertreter der Interessengruppen zum Einfluss der heutigen Richtlinien auf die Tiergesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit im biologischen Landbau unter den verschiedenen regionalen Bedingungen der europäischen Länder äussern und Vorschläge zur Weiterentwicklung der Bio-Richtlinien unterbreiten

Experiences with designing and managing organic rotation trials

This report was presented at the UK Organic Research 2002 Conference. Practical problems encountered in two long-term organic rotation trials at Aberdeen and Elgin are discussed. Compromises have had to be made in designing and managing the trials: how to include livestock and measure output, plot size, marking and fencing, discards and paths, replication, rotation length, randomisation of crop sequence, site uniformity, manoeuvrability of machines, soil compaction and exposure to pest damage

Effect of organic crop rotations on long-term development of the weed seedbank

Changes in the weed seedbank were monitored between 1991 and 1998 in two experiments that were established to compare organic crop rotations at two sites in NE Scotland. Two rotations, replicated twice at each site, were compared and all courses of both rotations were present every year. There were relatively minor changes in weed species diversity over time, but major changes in seedbank abundance. Weed seed numbers were relatively low in rotations with a high proportion of grass/clover ley. Differences in level of seedbank across the rotation were relatively predictable at Tulloch but much less so at Woodside where factors such as the effect of the grass/clover ley seemed to play a lesser role. Other factors, such as weather and its influence on the effectiveness of weed control operations, and higher populations of ground-living arthropods, may be affecting the Woodside seedbanks

A Critical Review of Emerging Pedagogical Perspectives on Mobile Learning

In recent years, a significant level of interest has developed in the potential of mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones for learning. Mobile learning is an approach that aims to exploit the particular features and characteristics of portable, personal computational devices for pedagogical purposes. This chapter outlines a critique of some current thinking about mobile learning as a contribution to an “appropriate theory of education for the mobile age”: “We are in an age of personal and technical mobility, where mobile devices, … are carried everywhere. We have the opportunity to design learning differently: linking people in real and virtual worlds, creating learning communities between people on the move, providing expertise on demand, and supporting a lifetime of learning. In order to understand how people learn through a mobile, pervasive and lifelong interaction with technology, we need to understand the implications of learning with mobile technology and build an appropriate theory of education for the mobile age.” (Sharples. et al 2009) This critical review of the literature analyses some of the pedagogical claims underlying mobile learning and argues that expectations are not based on robust foundations of theory or experiment. Mobile educational technology and associated mobile learning practices are a dynamic domain of constant change, enlivened by developments of new devices, services and software and, alongside possible benefits, streams of significant social and educational dilemmas. This is the challenge for mobile learning and the aim to describe and develop sustainable, well-integrated pedagogical practices and theoretical foundations that exploit the potential of mobile technology for educational goals. The peer-reviewed literature included in this chapter covers the period up to 2017 and is rich with ‘proof-of-concept’ educational activities that demonstrate aspects of practical viability but do not yet provide a foundation on which to build a systemic pedagogy because there is little evidence of systematic benefits or repeatable outcomes, either positive or negative, for the educational role of mobile educational technology. For this chapter peer-reviewed articles were selectively retrieved using broad keywords: ‘mobile learning’; ‘m-learning’; ‘education’; and ‘pedagogy’. Keywords: mobile learning; research review; pedagogy; educational technology

Animal health challenges and veterinary aspects of organic livestock farming identified through a 3 year EU network project

From 2003-2006, an EU network project ‘Sustaining Animal Health and Food Safety in Organic Farming' (SAFO), was carried out with 26 partners from 20 EU-countries and 4 related partners from 4 candidate or new member states. The focus was the integration of animal health and welfare issues in organic farming with food safety aspects. Four very consistent conclusions became apparent: 1) The climatic, physical and socio-economic conditions vary considerably throughout Europe, leading to different livestock farming systems. This limits the possibility for technology transfer between regions, and creates several challenges for a harmonised regulation, 2) Implementing organic standards at farm level does not always ensure that animal health and welfare reach the high ideals of the organic principles, 3) To overcome these deficiencies, organic farmers and farmer organisations need to take ownership of organic values and, 4) In all participating countries, a strong need for training of farmers and in particular veterinarians in animal health promotion and organic principles was identified. The article presents a summary of papers presented at the five SAFO workshops

Cohort profile for the STratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally (STRADL) study:A depression-focused investigation of Generation Scotland, using detailed clinical, cognitive, and neuroimaging assessments

Grant information: STRADL is supported by the Wellcome Trust through a Strategic Award (104036/Z/14/Z). GS:SFHS received core support from the CSO of the Scottish Government Health Directorates (CZD/16/6) and the Scottish Funding Council (HR03006). ADM is supported by Innovate UK, the European Commission, the Scottish Funding Council via the Scottish Imaging Network SINAPSE, and the CSO. HCW is supported by a JMAS SIM Fellowship from the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, by an ESAT College Fellowship from the University of Edinburgh, and has received previous funding from the Sackler Trust. LR has previously received financial support from Pfizer (formerly Wyeth) in relation to imaging studies of people with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. JDH is supported by the MRC. DJM is an NRS Clinician, funded by the CSO. RMR is supported by the British Heart Foundation. ISP-V and MRM are supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the National Institute for Health Research or the Department of Health; and MRM is also supported by the MRC MC_UU_12013/6). JMW is supported by MRC UK Dementia Research Institute and MRC Centre and project grants, EPSRC, Fondation Leducq, Stroke Association, British Heart Foundation, Alzheimer Society, and the European Union H2020 PHC-03-15 SVDs@Target grant agreement (666881). DJP is supported by Wellcome Trust Longitudinal Population Study funding (216767/Z/19/Z) the Eva Lester bequest to the University of Edinburgh. AMM is additionally supported by the MRC (MC_PC_17209, MC_PC_MR/R01910X/1, MR/S035818/1), The Wellcome Trust (216767/Z/19/Z ), The Sackler Trust, and has previously received research funding from Pfizer, Eli Lilly, and Janssen. Both AMM and IJD are members of The University of Edinburgh Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, part of the cross council Lifelong Health and Wellbeing Initiative (MR/K026992/1); funding from the BBSRC and MRC is gratefully acknowledged. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscriptPeer reviewedPublisher PD

Diversity of organic livestock systems in Europe

There is significant diversity in livestock production across Europe, as a consequence of a range of climatic, historic and economic factors. Yet there are common standards and goals. Enlargement of the European Union has added emphasis to the importance of this diversity. Statistics representing the recent development of organic farming illustrates the considerable variation across the continent in relation to land use and the main animal species farmed. This paper examines some of the climatic and historical impacts of a diverse Europe and recom-mends a degree of flexibility in the adoption of or-ganic standards