Table 2.

<p>Table 2.</p

Diogenes of Oinoanda – Diogène d’Œnoanda. Epicureanism and Philosophical Debates – Épicurisme et controverses: Epicureanism and Philosophical Debates – Épicurisme et controverses

International audienceThe texts of Diogenes of Oinoanda (2nd century AD) who invited his readers to an Epicurean life is the largest ancient inscription ever discovered. Over 70 new finds have increased the number of known wall blocks and fragments to nearly 300, offering new insights into Diogenes’ distinctive presentation of philosophy. This collection of essays discusses the philosophical significance of these discoveries and is the first publication entirely devoted to Diogenes of Oinoanda. Particular attention is paid to his philosophical aims and polemical strategies. Diogenes was apparently well aware of still ongoing philosophical debates, engaging in polemics against Presocratic philosophers, Platonics, and especially Stoics. His views about important issues like happiness, fear, old age, and the afterlife are explained on the bases of Epicurean physics and theology, ethics, politics, theory of knowledge, and psychology.Les textes de Diogène d’Œnoanda (Deuxième siècle de notre ère), qui invitait ses lecteurs au mode de vie épicurien, constituent la plus grande inscription antique jamais découverte. Les recherches récentes (plus de 70 pièces) ont porté le nombre de morceaux du mur et de fragments à près de 300, offrant ainsi un nouvel aperçu de la pensée propre de Diogène. Les essais réunis dans ce volume, la première publication entièrement consacrée à Diogène d’Œnoanda, examinent la signification de ces découvertes. Ils portent une attention particulière aux intentions philosophiques de Diogène et à ses stratégies polémiques. L’épicurien était manifestement bien averti des débats philosophiques de son temps, engageant lui-même la polémique contre les présocratiques, les platoniciens et, plus spécialement, les stoïciens. Ses idées concernant les problèmes fondamentaux du bonheur, de la peur, de la vieillesse et de la vie après la mort ont pour horizon la pensée épicurienne sous ses différents aspects : physique et théologie, éthique, politique, théorie de la connaissance et psychologie

Down regulation of metabolism or addition of glucose enhances <i>aak-2</i> L1 longevity.

<p>A–B Starvation at 15°C enhances <i>aak-2</i> L1 longevity in <i>aak-2</i> mutants (A: <i>rr48,</i> B: <i>ok524</i>), ***<i>p<0.001</i>. C Mutation in <i>ife-2</i> enhances <i>aak-2</i> L1 longevity, ***<i>p<0.001.</i> D Glucose and fructose (100 mM) slightly enhanced L1 longevity of wild type but sorbitol and L-glucose didn’t. <i>p<0.001</i> between control and the wild type treated with glucose or fructose. D: D-glucose, L: L-glucose, F: fructose, S: sorbitol. E–F Glucose and fructose enhanced <i>aak-2</i> L1 longevity but sorbitol and L-glucose didn’t. <i>p<0.001</i> between control and the <i>aak-2</i> mutants treated with glucose or fructose. For each experiment, approximately 100–200 L1s were used. D: D-glucose, L: L-glucose, F: fructose, S: sorbitol.</p

Afrique : Archipel des Mascareignes : France : La Réunion : Arrondisement de Saint-Benoît : Piton de la Fournaise : Nord de l'enclos Fouqué, vue depuis le pas de Bellecombe

Commentaire de l'auteur en 2017 : ---- Contexte ---- : Mission effectuée dans le cadre de l’organisation des Journées de géographie tropicale avec accueil par l’université de la Réunion en 1983.Légende manuscrite sur le document original : ''Piton de la Fournaise. Enclos Fouqué- vers l'est. Topo 1:50 000 La Réunion feuille 4.'' DESCRIPTION COMPLÉMENTAIRE : En direction de l'Est, interruption des versants abrupts des remparts bordant le cratère; large ouverture en direction du littoral: à vol d'oiseau, par les Grandes Pentes, le littoral se trouve à peine à une dizaine de kilomètres. Sur une telle distance, le passage d'altitude de 2 000 mètres au niveau de la mer traduit la vigueur du relief sur l'île de la Réunion. -- Géolocalisation : hypothèse de géolocalisation exacte

<i>par-4</i> partially phenocopies starvation-induced phenotype of <i>aak-2</i>.

<p>A. Percent damaged gonad of wild type and <i>par-4</i> mutants after L1 starvation for the indicated days. B. Percent survival of wild type (♦), <i>aak-2</i> (gray ▪) and <i>par-4</i> (gray▴) mutants after L1 starvation for the indicated days.</p

AMPK is necessary for L1 longevity.

<p>A Percent survival of wild type (▪) and two independent <i>aak-2</i> mutants (<i>ok524</i> (gray ▴) and <i>rr48</i> (gray ♦)) after L1 starvation at 22.5°C for the indicated number of days. B DIC (Differential Interference Contrast) image of wild type gonad. The black arrow indicates the button like structure of the nucleus of a dying cell. The white arrow indicates an oocyte. C Fluorescent image of the same worm stained with acridine orange to detect cell death. The white arrow indicates the dying cell. D&F DIC images of AMPK mutant gonads. The black arrows indicate dying cells. Gonads are destroyed and no oocytes are visible. E&G Fluorescent images of the same worms stained with acridine orange reveal more dying cells (the white arrows) in the gonads of AMPK mutants. H Percent destroyed gonads in two independent <i>aak-2</i> mutants. I After 3 days of L1 starvation at 22.5°C and recovery, <i>cep-1</i> mutation partially rescued <i>aak-2</i> gonad phenotype.</p

Behavior change during recovery from starvation.

<p>A. Each point is a mean of fit dissimilarity over 14 worms recovering from starvation. The dissimilarities are between two 15 min cuts recorded from the same worm, and they are plotted against the time difference between the cuts. For instance, one of the points at averages the dissimilarity between the 15–30 min and the 45–60 min cuts of worm 1, the dissimilarity between the 15–30 min and the 45–60 min cuts of worm 2, …, and the dissimilarity between the 15–30 min and the 45–60 min cuts of worm 14. Other points at average dissimilarities between 30–45 min and 60–75 min cuts, between 45–60 min and 75–90 min cuts, …, and between 195–210 and 225–240 min cuts. Dissimilarities involving 0–15 min cuts are highlighted in red, e.g. the red point at averages dissimilarities between the 0–15 min and the 30–45 min cuts. The 0–15 min behavior was very different from behavior at all later times. Aside from this exception, a given worm’s behavior changed only gradually with time, as shown by the gradual increase in dissimilarity with time interval. B. Like A, except that state dissimilarity is plotted instead of fit dissimilarity. C. Individual worms behave differently from each other. As in A, each point is an average of fit dissimilarities between cuts separated by in time, but here each worm is compared not to itself, but to other worms. D. This plot shows mean ± standard error of between-worm dissimilarities plotted against time. The points of the fit dissimilarity plot are the same as those at in C, but now plotted against the time at which they were recorded. Both fit and state dissimilarities start out high, but decrease with time as the worms settle into their new behavior.</p

Long-term L1 starvation causes tissue damage and delay in development during recovery.

<p>A Fraction of worms that reach adulthood after indicated days of L1 starvation (see Materials and Methods). Approximately 100 worms were used per experiment and each experiment was done with triplicates. B Cumulative fraction of worms that reach adulthood after indicated days of L1 starvation. Line drawn to show the time when 50% worms reach adulthood after indicated hours of refeeding. C DIC (Differential Interference Contrast) image of wild type gonad: the worm was starved for 3 days as an L1 and recovered to grow to an adult. For all experiments to observe gonad defect, approximately 100 worms were used per experiment and each experiment was done with triplicates. D DIC image of wild type gonad: the worm was starved for 9 days as an L1 at 20°C and recovered to grow to an adult at 20°C. No eggs are visible. E–F DIC images of gonads of <i>daf-16</i> mutants (E) and <i>daf-18</i> mutants (F): worms were starved for 3 days at 20°C as L1s and recovered to grow to adults at 20°C. No eggs are visible. G Percent destroyed gonad increases as L1 starvation continues.</p

Behavioral states are arranged in a triangle.

<p>A. Each of the 832 states with probability greater than 10% is plotted in two dimensions as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059865#pone-0059865-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3</a>. The black line is the smallest polygon that contains all of them (the convex hull). The area of this polygon is 90.5% that of the smallest triangle containing them, significantly greater than that expected if they are not constrained to a triangle (<i>P</i><10⁻⁵). The corresponding figure for a test using all the states, not just those with probability greater than 10%, is 90.8% (<i>P</i><10⁻⁵). B. An interpretation of the triangular state space. We suggest that the locomotive behavioral patterns available to a worm can be any mixture of three archetypal patterns, represented as red, green, and blue circles. Like primary colors, these mix to form a triangle of possibilities.</p

Hidden Markov model analysis, standard state fits.

<p>A, B. A simplified explanation of how HMM analysis uses both time and behavior to determine state. The plots show a hypothetical record of speed vs time. The bell-shaped green and blue curves at the right of each plot show the probability for a dwelling or a quiescent worm to move at a given speed. The distributions overlap, because while dwelling worms usually move faster than quiescent worms, at some time points they move as little as a quiescent worm. (Although a quiescent worm doesn’t move at all, its measured speed will usually be positive because of small errors in the measurement of its position.) The problem is to determine what state the worm was in at the central time point, where it did not move. Looking at this point alone, one would conclude that the worm was probably quiescent, because the probability for a quiescent worm to move so slowly (; panel B) is much higher than the probability that a dwelling worm will do so (; panel A). However, the behavior of the worm immediately before and immediately after is inconsistent with quiescence. Therefore, if the worm is quiescent at the central time point, it must have switched from dwelling to quiescence immediately before and must switch back immediately after. The probability that the worm is quiescent is therefore . If the time between points is small, the probability of a switch, , is a small number, and . The worm is thus correctly inferred to be dwelling. The actual analysis is more complicated, since other motion characteristics than speed are used, and a probability is assigned to each state at each time point. C. The results of a standard state fit to a wild-type track. The lower plot shows speed; red, green, and blue lines in the upper plot show probability of the roaming, dwelling, and quiescence state at each point in time. The color bar at the top summarizes the probabilities. (The small gap is a brief period of missing data.) The change in behavior with time is most easily seen by looking at the frequency of very low speed (<20 µm/s). Such time points are a majority in quiescence, a substantial minority in dwelling, and almost absent in roaming. Most time points are assigned to a single state with near 100% probability, and the worm spent a substantial amount of time in each of the three. This is reflected in the high excess entropy, 0.857 bits. D. The results of a similar fit to the same data as in C, but scrambled into random order. The three-state fit did not have substantially more information than a single behavioral state, as shown by the very low entropy (<i>S</i>). E. Rate graphs summarizing state probabilities and transition rates between states based on analysis of well-fed wild-type worms on either good food (<i>E coli</i> HB101), poor food (HB101 treated with aztreonam) or a mixture of good and bad. The area of each circle is proportional to the amount of time worms spend in that state (red = roaming, green = dwelling, blue = quiescence). Thicker arrows represent faster switching from one state to another. Darker arrows are more accurately measured, lighter grays represent less accurate measurements, based on variability from one worm to another. *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001, different from good food, Mann-Whitney <i>U</i>-test. Thus, for instance, worms switch from dwelling to roaming more rapidly (<i>P</i><0.01) on poor food than on good and spend more time roaming (<i>P</i><0.001). Number of worms for each graph as in F. Dataset S1 contains the raw data on which these rate graphs are based for all experiments in this work. F. Mean speed of roaming worms. These data are based on the same tracks as E. Number of worms in each experiment is shown above the bar. *<i>P</i><0.05, ***<i>P</i><0.001, Mann-Whitney <i>U</i>-test.</p