Medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) production through anaerobic fermentation using Clostridium kluyveri: Effect of ethanol and acetate

Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are saturated monocarboxylic acids and can be used as antimicrobials, corrosion inhibitors, precursors in biodiesel, and bioplastic production. In the present study, MCFA production was evaluated with acetate and ethanol using the bacteria Clostridium kluyveri. Effects of substrate, electron donor, and methane inhibitor on MCFA production were evaluated. Bacteria successfully converted the ethanol and acetate to butyrate (C4), caproate (C6), and caprylate (C8) by chain elongation process. The highest concentrations of butyrate (4.6 g/l), caproate (3.2 g/l), and caprylate (0.5 g/l) were obtained under methane inhibition conditions than other conditions. The productions of butyrate and caproate were 1.6 and 1.48 times higher under methane inhibition conditions, respectively. Results denoted that the bacteria C. kluyveri can be used for conversion of acetate and ethanol into useful products like butyrate and caproate

Biodegradation of toxic organic compounds using a newly isolated Bacillus sp. CYR2

The objective of this study was to isolate a new bacterium and investigate its ability for degradation of various toxic organic compounds. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, the isolated strain was identified as Bacillus sp. CYR2. Degradation of various toxic compounds and growth of CYR2 strain were evaluated with 2 and 4% inoculum sizes. All the experiments were conducted for 6 days, flasks were incubated at 30oC under 180 rpm. Among the 2 and 4% inoculum sizes, bacteria showed highest growth and toxic compounds degradation at 4% inoculum size. Especially, compared to 2% inoculum size, growth of the strain CYR2 at 4% inoculum size was increased by 15.1 folds with 4-secondarybutylphenol, 9.1 folds with phenol, and 5.4 folds with 4-tertiary-butylphenol. Strain CYR2 at 4% inoculum size showed highest removal of phenol (84 ± 5%), followed by 4-tertiary-butylphenol (66 ± 3%), 4-secondary-butylphenol (63 ± 5%) and 4-nonylphenol (57 ± 6%). Compared with 2% inoculum size, degradation ability of strain CYR2 with 4% inoculum size was enhanced by 3.45 times with 4-tertiary-octylphenol, and 2.53 times with 4-tertiarybutylphenol. Our results indicated that the newly isolated Bacillus sp. CYR2 can be used for in situ bioremediation of phenol and alkylphenols contaminated water

Human error control in the collaborative workflow modeling tool based on GEMS model

Business process should support the execution of collaboration process with agility and flexibility through the integration of enterprise inner or outer application and human resources from the collaborative workflow view.Although the dependency of enterprise activities to the automated system has been increasing, human role is as important as ever.In the workflow modelling this human role is emphasized and the structure to control human error by analysing decision-making itself is needed.Also, through the collaboration of activities agile and effective communication should be constructed, eventually by the combination and coordination of activities to the aimed process the product quality should be improved.This paper classifies human errors can be occurred in collaborative workflow by applying GEMS(Generic Error Modelling System) to control them, and suggests human error control method through hybrid based modelling as well.On this base collaborative workflow modeling tool is designed and implemented. Using this modelling methodology it is possible to workflow modeling could be supported considering human characteristics has a tendency of human error to be controlled

Biodegradation of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons using the filamentous fungus Penicillium sp. CHY-2 and characterization of its manganese peroxidase activity

The aim of this work was to study the potential of the non-lignolytic filamentous fungus Penicillium sp. CHY-2, isolated from Antarctic soil, for the biodegradation of eight different aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons such as octane, decane, dodecane, ethylbenzene, butylbenzene, naphthalene, acenaphthene, and benzo[a]pyrene. Among all the compounds, CHY-2 showed the highest level of degradation for decane (49.0%), followed by butylbenzene (42.0%) and dodecane (33.0%), and lower levels of degradation for naphthalene (15.0%), acenaphthene (10.0%), octane (8.0%), ethylbenzene (4.0%), and benzo[a]pyrene (2.0%) at 20 °C. The addition of carbon sources such as glucose (5 g L−1) and Tween-80 (5 g L−1) enhanced decane degradation by about 1.8-fold and 1.61-fold respectively at 20 °C. The metabolites produced during the degradation of decane were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Furthermore, the enzyme manganese peroxidase (MnP) from CHY-2 was purified. MnP was found to consist of monomers with a molecular mass of 36 kDa. The purified MnP had an optimum pH of 5.0 and temperature of 30 °C. The Km and Vmax values of MnP towards Mn2+ were 1.31 μM and 185.19 μM min−1 respectively. These results indicated that the strain CHY-2 can be used for the degradation of hydrocarbons and could have promising applications in treatment of hydrocarbon contaminated sites

Strength recovery of concrete exposed to freezing-thawing by self-healing of cementitious materials using synthetic fiber

In this study, it is possible to disperse effectively cracked using synthetic fiber, an examination of the most suitable self-healing conditions was performed on the above crack width 0.1mm. As a result, effective crack dispersion using polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) fibers with polar OH-groups, as well as improved self-healing for cracks that are larger than 0.1 mm in width, posing concerns of CO2 gas and Cl-penetration, were observed. Also, CO3 2-reacts with Ca2+ in the concrete crack, resulting in the precipitation of a carbonate compound, CaCO3. Based on this, it is deemed possible for the recovery of effective water tightness and strength recovery through effective freezing-thawing resistance to be made from cracks that are larger than 0.1mm in width. In addition, it was determined that, as for the most suitable self-healing conditions in the inside and surface of the cracks, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) solution with CO2 micro-bubble was more effective in promoting the self-healing capability than water with CO2 micro-bubble. Copyright © 2017 VBRI Press

KINEMATIC COMPARISONS OF KETTLEBELL TWO-ARM SWINGS BETWEEN EXPERTS AND BEGINNERS

The purpose of this study was to investigate kinematic comparisons of kettlebell two-arm swings between experts and beginners in order to find out biomechanical key points for preventing sports injuries and enhancing kettlebell performance. Four experts and three beginners performed kettlebell two-arm swings fifteen times with a 16 kg kettlebell. Experts demonstrated larger ranges of motions (ROM) of pelvic segment and hip joint than beginners, while beginners revealed larger ROM of shoulder joint than experts. Magnitudes and sequential orders of peak angular velocities of major joints were significantly different between two groups. Conclusively, the mobility of pelvic segment and hip joint are required, while the stability of the other joint are needed to produce appropriate kettlebell two-arm swings. The activation and strength of gluteus muscles would be key contributors

REACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO WATER GAS SHIFT CATALYSTS IN A BUBBLING FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR FOR SEWGS PROCESS

Reaction characteristics of two WGS catalysts for SEWGS process were investigated in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor. The commercial low temperature WGS catalyst produced by Süd-chemie and new catalyst produced by spray-drying method were used as bed materials. Reaction temperature, steam/CO ratio, and gas velocity were considered as experimental variables. Moreover, long-term operation results of two WGS catalysts were compared as well

THE HOT GAS DESULFURIZATION IN A COMPACT TWO BEDS SYSTEM INTEGRATED WITH COAL GASIFICATION AND FISHER-TROPSCH SYSTEM

The hot gas desulfurization (HGD) technique is one of the elemental technologies of syngas purification having both thermal efficiency and very low emissions. The HGD is a novel method to efficiently remove H2S and COS in the syngas with regenerable sorbents at high temperature and high pressure condition. We propose a compact hot gas desulfurization system by which its operability is improved in stabilizing pressure balances among units. The proposed compact two beds system has two bubbling beds, solid injection nozzle, solid conveying line, and riser. The compact desulfurization system was located between coal gasifier and Fisher-Tropsch (F-T) reactor to desulfurize syngas in order not to deactivate F-T catalyst. To check feasibility of the compact desulfurization system at high pressure condition, both cold mode and hot mode tests have been performed. In the integrated system, the compact desulfurization system has removed H2S and COS in the syngas and supplied the cleaned syngas to the F-T reactor during the continuous operation at high pressure condition

Validation of biphenyl degradation pathway by polymerase chain reaction, peptide mass fingerprinting and enzyme analysis

Our previous studies showed, bacterium Aquamicrobium sp. SK-2 could degrade biphenyl and polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCBs). In the present study, proteins involved in the biphenyl degradation was evaluatedusing various molecular biology methods. The gene bphC present in the strain SK-2 was identifiedusing the polymerase chain reaction method. Further the key enzyme in biphenyl degradation, 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase (BphC) was purified through anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography,subsequently the enzyme activity was measured. The N-terminal amino acid sequence ofthe purified enzyme showed 92% homology with BphC enzyme of Gram-negative bacteria(Pseudomonas sp. KKS102, Comamonas testosterone, Burkholderiaceae bacterium, Delftia acidovorans, andAchromobacter denitrificans). Fractions collected during protein purification were applied on SDS-PAGEgel. Significant bands were selected in SDS-PAGE gel, and the gel pieces were cut out to analyze the proteinsusing peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) method. PMF method provided useful information aboutthe proteins involved in biphenyl degradation. Apart from BphC, two other enzymes, benzoate dioxygenaseand catechol 2,3-dioxygenase which were involved in biphenyl degradation process were identified.The results indicate that catechol can be degraded to 2-hydroxymuconic-semialdehyde and this result isin accordance with the results from our previous study. Based on all these results we can conclude thatthe strain SK-2 is a potential candidate for the bioremediation of biphenyl contaminated places._ 2021 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licens