Spearman's rank correlation maps between the mean SIRs of each layer in cortices.

<p>(A) Correlation map of Aud for NOSTIM (B) Correlation map of Aud for STIM (C) Correlation map of Sens for NOSTIM (D) Correlation map of Sens for STIM (E) Correlation map of Vis for NOSTIM (F) Correlation map of Vis for STIM. The correlation coefficient, ρ, is indicated with color maps ranging from blue to red; blue and red indicates the weakest and strongest correlation, respectively. A strong correlation between two layers indicates that the manganese accumulations in the two are likely to be linearly proportional to each other.</p

Cediranib therapy decreases tumor vascular permeability and extravascular-extracellular space.

<p>A significant decrease in both K^trans (left) and ν_e (middle) was observed after 2–3 days of treatment with cediranib. A statistically significant decreased vascular permeability to BSA (DP) was also observed by IVM after 2 days of cediranib treatment (right), consistent with the decreased permeability over time observed by MRI (K^trans).</p

Cediranib therapy does not affect tumor growth or vessel caliber.

<p>(left) Percent change after 2–3 days of treatment in the (left) tumor volume and (right) rVCI for cediranib and control treated animals. A significant increase over time in tumor volume and rVCI was observed for both cediranib and control animals with no statistically significant difference between treatment groups.</p

Comparison of SIRs between STIM and NOSTIM in the brain regions of auditory and olfactory pathways.

<p>Mann-Whitney <i>U</i>-tests were used to compare the mean SIRs of brain regions. The <i>z</i>-values were calculated from Mann-Whitney's <i>U</i>-values and their standard deviations. SIR is the normalized signal intensity of each ROI to its adjacent Temporalis muscles.</p><p>*<i>P</i><0.05.</p

Layer-specific comparison of SIRs between STIM and NOSTIM in the primary visual cortex.

<p>Mann-Whitney <i>U</i>-tests were used to compare the mean SIRs of Vis layers. The <i>z</i>-values were calculated from Mann-Whitney's <i>U</i>-values and their standard deviations. SIR is the normalized signal intensity of each ROI to its adjacent Temporalis muscles.</p><p>*<i>P</i><0.05.</p

Layer-specific comparison of SIRs between STIM and NOSTIM in the primary auditory cor<i>t</i>ex.

<p>Mann-Whitney <i>U</i>-tests were used to compare the mean SIRs of Aud layers. The <i>z</i>-values were calculated from Mann-Whitney's <i>U</i>-values and their standard deviations. SIR is the normalized signal intensity of each ROI to its adjacent Temporalis muscles.</p><p>*<i>P</i><0.05.</p

Layer-specific comparison of SIRs between STIM and NOSTIM in the primary sensory cortex.

<p>Mann-Whitney <i>U</i>-tests were used to compare the mean SIRs of Sens layers. The <i>z</i>-values were calculated from Mann-Whitney's <i>U</i>-values and their standard deviations. SIR is the normalized signal intensity of each ROI to its adjacent Temporalis muscles.</p><p>*<i>P</i><0.05.</p

Cediranib therapy decreases tumor T2, but does not affect ADC.

<p>(left) While a significant decrease in ADC was observed for cediranib treated mice (p = 0.01) after 2–3 days of treatment, no statistically significant difference was observed between cediranib and control groups for the change over time of ADC. (right) In contrast, the decreased T2 observed after 2–3 days of treatment for cediranib animals was significantly (p<0.01) different from the increased T2 observed for control animals.</p

Image_1_Vaccinium bracteatum Leaf Extract Reverses Chronic Restraint Stress-Induced Depression-Like Behavior in Mice: Regulation of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis, Serotonin Turnover Systems, and ERK/Akt Phosphorylation.JPEG

<p>The leaves of Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. are a source of traditional herbal medicines found in East Asia. The present study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant-like effects of water extract of V. bracteatum Thunb. leaves (VBLW) in a mouse model of chronic restraint stress (CRS) and to identify the possible molecular in vitro mechanisms of the neuroprotective effects. The CRS-exposed mice were orally administered VBLW (100 and 200 mg/kg) daily for 21 days consecutively. The behavioral effects of VBLW were assessed through the forced swim test (FST) and the open field test (OFT). The levels of serum corticosterone (CORT), corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), and adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), brain monoamines, such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, and serotonin turnover by tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), serotonin reuptake (SERT), and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) were evaluated, in addition to the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway. CRS-exposed mice treated with VBLW (100 and 200 mg/kg) showed significantly reduced immobility time and increased swimming and climbing times in the FST, and increased locomotor activity in the OFT. Moreover, CRS mice treated with VBLW exhibited significantly decreased CORT and ACTH, but enhanced brain monoamine neurotransmitters. In addition, CRS mice treated with VBLW had dramatically decreased protein levels of MAO-A and SERT, but increased TPH2 protein levels in the hippocampus and the PFC. Similarly, VBLW significantly upregulated the ERKs/Akt signaling pathway in the hippocampus and the PFC. Furthermore, VBLW showed neuroprotective effects via increased CREB phosphorylation in CORT-induced cell injury that were mediated through the ERK/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. These results suggested that the antidepressant-like effects of VBLW might be mediated by the regulation of the HPA axis, glucocorticoids, and serotonin turnover, such as TPH2, SERT, and MAO-A, as well as the concentration of monoamine neurotransmitters, and the activities of ERK and Akt phosphorylation, which were possibly associated with neuroprotective effects.</p