Boundary state of superstring in open string channel

We derive boundary state of superstring in the open string channel. It describes the superconformal field theory of open string emission and absorption by D-brane. We define the boundary state by conformal mappings from upper half plane with operators inserted at two points corresponding to the corners of semi-infinite strip. We obtain explicit oscillator forms analytically for the fermion and superconformal ghost sectors. For the fermion sector we compare this with numerical result obtained by using naive boundary condition.Comment: 20 pages, 2 figures, PTPTeX; typos corrected, minor change

Boundary states in the open string channel and CFT near a corner

We generalize the idea of boundary states to the open string channel. They describe emission and absorption of open strings in the presence of intersecting D-branes. We construct the explicit oscillator representation for the free boson and fermionic ghost. The inner product of such states describes a disk amplitude of rectangular shape and possesses modular covariance with a nontrivial conformal weight. We compare the result obtained here with those obtained using two different methods, one employing the path integral formalism and one employing the conformal anomaly. We find that all these methods give consistent results. In our method, we must be careful in our treatment of the singularity of the CFT near the corners. Specifically, we derive the correction to the conformal weight of the primary field inserted at the corner, and it gives the modular weight of the rectangle amplitude. We also carry out explicit computations of the correlation functions.Comment: 23 pages, 4 figures, PTPTeX, v2 references added and some equations improved, v3 style macro has been changed. BRST analysis adde

M2 to D2 revisited

We present two derivations of the multiple D2 action from the multiple M2-brane model proposed by Bagger-Lambert and Gustavsson. The first one is to start from Lie 3-algebra associated with given (arbitrary) Lie algebra. The Lie 3-algebra metric is not positive definite but the zero-norm generators merely correspond to Lagrange multipliers. Following the work of Mukhi and Papageorgakis, we derive D2-brane action from the model by giving a variable a vacuum expectation value. The second derivation is based on the correspondence between M2 and M5. We compactify one dimension and wind M5 brane along this direction. This leads to a noncommutative D4 action. Multiple D2 action is then obtained by suitably choosing the non-commutative parameter on the two-torus. It also implies a natural interpretation to the extra generator in Lie 3-algebra, namely the winding of M5 world volume around $S^1$ which defines the reduction of M theory to \IIA superstring.Comment: 20 pages, minor modifications, references adde

EVALUATION OF SPEED CHANGE IN 100 M SPRINT RUNNING

The purpose of this study was to propose a method to evaluate speed in 100m running with modified exponential equations. The speed changes in 100m sprint race of ninetysix sprinters (62 men and 34 women) were measured with a LAVEG system. The 100m race was divided into the acceleration and deceleration phases based on the maximum speed, and speed were estimated. 1) The exponential equations proposed in this study well estimated the speed change pattern of the 100m on the different record groups. The average errors between the official time and the time estimated were 0.024±0.040s in men and 0.04±0.039 in women. 2) The maximum speed was the most important factor for both men and women sprinters to achieve best performance the race. 3) The men world class sprinters accelerated quickly (large k), but reached the maximum speed later than the other sprinters, which resulted in shorter deceleration phase and smaller decreases in speed after reaching the maximum speed

Half-Integer Shapiro Steps in a Short Ballistic InAs Nanowire Josephson Junction

We report on half-integer Shapiro steps observed in an InAs nanowire Josephson junction. We observed the Shapiro steps of the short ballistic InAs nanowire Josephson junction and found anomalous half-integer steps in addition to the conventional integer steps. The half-integer steps disappear as the temperature increases or transmission of the junction decreases. These experimental results agree closely with numerical calculation of the Shapiro response for the skewed current phase relation in a short ballistic Josephson junction

Production mechanism of proepitheaflagallin, a precursor of benzotropolone-type black tea pigment, derived from epigallocatechin via a bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-type intermediate

An unstable intermediate proepitheaflagallin B (2), a precursor of proepitheaflagallin (3), was isolated as an enzymatic oxidation product of (?)-epigallocatechin (1), and the structure of 2 was determined based on spectroscopic data. The structure and its decomposition revealed that the detailed production mechanism of proepitheaflagallin (3) via a bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-type intermediate was related to that of major black tea pigments, theaflavins

Dominant non-local superconducting proximity effect due to electron-electron interaction in a ballistic double nanowire

Cooper pair splitting (CPS) can induce non-local correlation between two normal conductors coupling to a superconductor. CPS into a double one-dimensional electron gas is an appropriate platform for extracting large amount of entangled electron pairs and one of the key ingredients for engineering Majorana Fermions with no magnetic field. Here we study CPS using a Josephson junction of a gate-tunable ballistic InAs double nanowire. The measured switching current into the two nanowires significantly larger than sum of that into the respective nanowires, indicating the inter-wire superconductivity dominant compared to the intra-wire superconductivity. From dependence on the number of propagating channels in the nanowires, the observed CPS is assigned to one-dimensional electron-electron interaction. Our results will pave the way for utilizing one-dimensional electron-electron interaction to reveal physics of high-efficient CPS and engineer Majorana Fermions in double nanowire systems via CPS

Oxidation mechanism of black tea pigment theaflavin by peroxidase

A large number of black tea polyphenols remain uncharacterized because of the complexity of catechin oxidation reactions that occur during tea fermentation. In the course of our studies on black tea polyphenols, we examined the enzymatic degradation of theaflavins, which are black tea pigments having a benzotropolone chromophore. Oxidation of theaflavin with peroxidase afforded a new product named theacoumarin A together with known pigment theanaphthoquinone. The structure of the new compound was determined by spectroscopic examination and a production mechanism via theanaphthoquinone is proposed

Production of Ellagitannin Hexahydroxydiphenoyl Ester by Spontaneous Reduction of Dehydrohexa-hydroxydiphenoyl Ester

Amariin is an ellagitannin with two dehydrohexahydroxydiphenoyl (DHHDP) moieties connecting glucose 2,4- and 3,6-hydroxy groups. This tannin is predominant in the young leaves of Triadica sebifera and Carpinus japonica. However, as the leaves grow, the 3,6-DHHDP is converted to its reduced form, the hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP) group, to generate geraniin, a predominant ellagitannin of the matured leaves. The purified amariin is unstable in aqueous solution, and the 3,6-(R)-DHHDP is spontaneously degraded to give HHDP, whereas 2,4-(R)-DHHDP is stable. The driving force of the selective reduction of the 3,6-DHHDP of amariin is shown to be the conformational change of glucose from O,3B to 1C4. Heating geraniin with pyridine affords 2,4-(R)-DHHDP reduction products. Furthermore, the acid hydrolysis of geraniin yields two equivalents of ellagic acid. Although the reaction mechanism is still ambiguous, these results propose an alternative biosynthetic route of the ellagitannin HHDP groups