ガッコウケイエイ ノ エスノグラフィー ショウガッコウ ノ キョウイクジッセン カラ ナニ ヲ マナブ カ

This paper aims to clarify the methodology of an elementary school teacher by participant observation in 2004-2006. I focused on two aspects of the classmanagement method: in-class leading and extra-class leading.For in-class leading, I pointed out text critique, writing plan on blackboard,teaching techniques, empathic grasp of children, and unique pragmatics. Forextra-class leading, I described how she coped with classroom chaos.From these actual practices in an elementary school, I made clear the methodology which can be applied to junior. college education

ニホンジン ノ ブッキョウ テキ タカイカン ニカンスル ヨビ テキ コウサツ ヨウジ キョウイク ヘノ オウヨウ ヲ シヤ ニイレテ

This paper aims to survey Japanese traditional views of the afterlife, focusing on some famous Buddhist sutras and thought. Furthermore, I try to apply these ideas which I obtained through this study to early childhood education.At first, I grasp an opinion from T. Umehara about a view of death in Japan. Then, after having a look at studies by A. Hirata and K. Yanagita, I examine the differences among primitive Buddhist sutras, Mahayanistic ones, and Japanese ones.This study brings out some topics; (1) differences between Japanese indigenous view of the afterlife and Buddhist one, (2) differences between original Buddhist view of the afterlife and Japanese Buddhist one, (3) the Japanese ethos of life. After considering these topics, I point out the importance of these views of the afterlife in early childhood education

ヤクシマ ニオケル シゼン イサン ノ ショユウケン ト トウミン ノ イチ ニツイテ

I was born on Yakushima Island, moved to Kagoshima in junior high school, then Tokyo for university. I have a dual identity and perspective regarding Yakushima: that of a student studying sociology, a stranger; and that of a native islander and one concerned. Whenever I return to the island I notice that it is changing, and I am ambivalent about the labeling of Yakushima as a Natural Heritage site.People have constructed a perspective about nature-against civilization, urbanization and human life-and only through this do we realize the value of nature. I was proud when Yakushima was registered as a Natural Heritage site, but it feels now that when Yakushima is discussed, it has become an island whose heritage is to be shared among human beings around the world.Throughout its history, the island came to be valued by outsiders, not just the islanders. In ancient Japan, it was used as a base port for trade with China. The economic value of the island\u27s Yaku-cedar trees was then discovered by the Shimazu family and further exploited by a third group, the Japanese Government, which legally took over the island about 120 years ago and prohibited islanders from cutting the cedars while profiting greatly from the venture themselves.The conservation movement of nature resists the "world economy system" but paradoxically it brings too many tourists to Yakushima. With the development of public transport and mass media, people today believe that they have the right to go anywhere at anytime, but too many people with no common knowledge role or regard for rural places are visiting Yakushima. The native islanders have little chance to play an important role in the history of their homeland, and are only now learning about the value of their plants and animals to the outside world.It appears that there are three perspectives on the island. From a global and academic perspective the island is an important heritage site for people in modern society; from the Japanese national perspective the island is a national property; from the perspective of people who live there as islanders, the island is our home

Antigen-specific cytokine profiles for pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease stage diagnosis

IntroductionControlling pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease is difficult because there is no way to know the clinical stage accurately. There have been few attempts to use cell-mediated immunity for diagnosing the stage. The objective of this study was to characterize cytokine profiles of CD4+T and CD19+B cells that recognize various Mycobacterium avium-associated antigens in different clinical stages of MAC.MethodsA total of 47 MAC patients at different stages based on clinical information (14 before-treatment, 16 on-treatment, and 17 after-treatment) and 17 healthy controls were recruited. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with specific antigens (MAV0968, 1160, 1276, and 4925), and the cytokine profiles (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-17) of CD4+/CD3+ and CD19+ cells were analyzed by flow cytometry.ResultsThe response of Th1 cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α against various antigens was significantly higher in both the on-treatment and after-treatment groups than in the before-treatment group and control (P < 0.01–0.0001 and P < 0.05–0.0001). An analysis of polyfunctional T cells suggested that the presence of IL-2 is closely related to the stage after the start of treatment (P = 0.0309-P < 0.0001) and is involved in memory function. Non-Th1 cytokines, such as IL-10 and IL-17, showed significantly higher responses in the before-treatment group (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01–0.0001). These responses were not observed with purified protein derivative (PPD). CD19+B cells showed a response similar to that of CD4+T cells.ConclusionThere is a characteristic cytokine profile at each clinical stage of MAC

ギョギョウシュウラク ニ オケル ギョウジショク ノ ジゾク ト ヘンヨウ

今回の調査によって、奈屋浦において現在でも精霊棚(餓鬼棚)の慣習が残っていることが確認され、さらに供えられる料理や食物の内容の詳細を明らかにすることができた。奈屋浦で精霊棚(餓鬼棚)の伝統的な姿が残ったのは、次に示す3点に下支えされていることが要因であると考える。1)集落人口が維持されたこと(伝統を継承する若年層が一定数確保された)2)生業構造(漁業人口)が維持されたこと(類似した生活構造にある人々が多い)3)地域住民のつながりが深いこと(精霊棚に供える野菜などを分け合ってまかなっている)This paper examines continuance and transformation of meals of traditional event in fishing community. Specially, it investigates how Gakidana, special meal for the spirits of ancestors in Bon period, has been changed and maintained in Nayaura, a fishing village located in southern Mie prefecture. By meticulous research into traditional meals and literature study on socioeconomic background of this village, the study reveals three factors that have maintained the custom of traditional meals:1) Maintenance of population supported by economic development has produced flame keepers.2) Maintenance of population of fishery industry has given inhabitants similar life structure.3) Close relationship among inhabitants results in sharing ingredients for traditional meals

Structural aging of human neurons is the opposite of the changes in schizophrenia

Human mentality develops with age and is altered in psychiatric disorders, though their underlying mechanism is unknown. In this study, we analyzed nanometer-scale three-dimensional structures of brain tissues of the anterior cingulate cortex from eight schizophrenia and eight control cases. The distribution profiles of neurite curvature of the control cases showed a trend depending on their age, resulting in an age-correlated decrease in the standard deviation of neurite curvature (Pearson's r = -0.80, p = 0.018). In contrast to the control cases, the schizophrenia cases deviate upward from this correlation, exhibiting a 60% higher neurite curvature compared with the controls (p = 7.8 x 10^(-4)). The neurite curvature also showed a correlation with a hallucination score (Pearson's r = 0.80, p = 1.8 x 10^(-4)), indicating that neurite structure is relevant to brain function. We suggest that neurite curvature plays a pivotal role in brain aging and can be used as a hallmark to exploit a novel treatment of schizophrenia. This nano-CT paper is the result of our decade-long analysis and is unprecedented in terms of number of cases.Comment: 24 pages, 5 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2007.0021