Summary table of two-way ANOVA for the post-irradiation time effect on DMO-OH.

<p>Summary table of two-way ANOVA for the post-irradiation time effect on DMO-OH.</p

Characteristic values of AEW obtained from 0.1% NaCl solution.

<p>Each value represents the mean of duplicate determinations.</p>*<p>Residual chlorine is consisted of combined available chlorine and free available chlorine.</p

Concentration effect of GPE, GSE, and (+)-catechin on •OH (expressed as DMO-OH) generation during LED-light irradiation for 1 min.

<p>Each value represents the mean with standard deviation (n = 3). Significant differences (<i>p</i><0.05) in each group are denoted by different alphabetical letters.</p

Effect of photo-irradiation time on DMPO-OH yields.

<p>Each value represents the mean with standard deviation (n = 3).</p

LC-ESI-MS analyses of standard reagents (A) and representative LC chromatogram with estimated chemical structural formulas obtained from MeOH soluble fraction of GPE (B).

<p>LC-ESI-MS analyses of standard reagents (A) and representative LC chromatogram with estimated chemical structural formulas obtained from MeOH soluble fraction of GPE (B).</p

Effect of different treatment conditions on DMPO-OH yields.

<p>Each value represents the mean with standard deviation (n = 3). [D(+)L(+)][D(+)L(-)]: sample with DMPO was photo-irradiated for 1 min, and kept under a light shielding condition for 1 min, [D(+)L(+)][D(+)L(+)]: sample with DMPO was photo-irradiated for 2 min, and [D(-)L(+)][D(+)L(+)]: sample without DMPO was photo-irradiated for 1 min, and further irradiated with DMPO for 1 min.</p

ESR spectra of AEW prepared by triple electrolyses of 1% NaCl solution.

<p>Spectra in the absence and presence of HCOONa are shown.</p

Scavenging activity of GPE, GSE, and (+)-catechin against •OH generated by a Fenton reaction.

<p>Each value represents the mean with standard deviation (n = 3). Significant differences (<i>p</i><0.05) in each group are denoted by different alphabetical letters.</p

ESR spectra of AEW prepared by single electrolysis of 1% NaCl solution.

<p>Spectra in the absence and presence of FeSO₄ are shown.</p

ESR spectra of AEW from triple electrolyses of 1% (w/v) NaCl solution.

<p>Spectra immediately after production and after 1-h storage at room temperature under light-shielding conditions are shown.</p