Candida albicansマンナンのマクロファージ傷害作用

Mannan of Candida albicans NIH A-207 strain induced cytotoxic activity in RAW264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line, but not in U937 cells, a human monocyte cell line. The mannan greatly increased TNF-α production in RAW264.7 cells. Anti-TNF-α antibody completely inhibited both the TNF-α production from RAW264.7 cells and the cytotoxicity of the cells by mannan. Commercial recombinant TNF-α showed cytotoxic activity in RAW264.7 cells

Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights with International Capital Movement

This paper extends the established Helpman (1993 ) model by introducing international capital movement, and obtains new results concerning the welfare implications of tightening intellectual property rights (IPR) in the South. First, if separated capital markets in the North and the South are integrated, enforcement of IPR would have more desirable welfare effects in both regions. Second, when international capital movement is allowed, the North always gains from the tightening of IPR if the imitation rate is sufficiently high. This implies that the North's demand on the South to tighten IPR becomes stronger as the integration of international capital markets progresses. Copyright � 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

An Analysis of Income Distribution between the North and the South: the Grossman-Helpman and Lai Results Re-examined

This paper studies the effects of labor supply on relative wages in a dynamic North-South model of trade. Lai (1995 )-a generalization of the Grossman and Helpman (1991a,b , ch. 11) models-showed that the relative wage of skilled (unskilled) labor in a region is positively (negatively) related to the supply of skilled (unskilled) labor in that region. These surprising results depend crucially on the specification of the functional form of the Southern imitation activity. We will show that these results (except for the relative wage of unskilled labor in Lai) are reversed in the case where the productivity of imitation depends only on the number of products the North manufactures. Copyright � 2008 The Authors; Journal compilation � 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.