Toshiko Yoshida to Dear Friend (Undated)

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/mercorr_pro/1673/thumbnail.jp

Cancer screening rate and cancer mortality in Tokushima Prefecture

本研究は，全国及び徳島県の公表されたデータを用いてがん死亡率及びがん検診受診率に関して検討を行った． 胃がん，肺がん，大腸がん，子宮がん，乳がんの５つのがん検診を解析対象とし，徳島県と全国の比較を行った．データは厚生労働省，国立がん研究センターがん対策情報センターのデータベース，徳島県発行の年報やホームページから収集した．がん死亡率とがん検診受診率の年次推移及び死亡率と受診率との相関を調べた．また徳島県を行政区分，地理的条件および文化的背景を考慮した１３の区分に分割し，それぞれの地域における受診率及び死亡率の相関を調べた． 大腸がんと乳がんの死亡率は徳島県では全国と比較して，低い傾向にあったが，胃がんと大腸がんの受診率は徳島県のほうが低かった．胃がん検診受診率と死亡率との関係では，徳島県，全国ともに，受診率が低くなるにつれて，死亡率が低くなる現象がみられたが，その他のがんでは明らかな関係はみられなかった．市町村別の受診率と死亡率との相関をみると，女性の胃がん検診では，受診率の向上に伴い，死亡率は低下傾向であった．肺がんと大腸がんのがん検診受診率と死亡率との関係では，明白な傾向はみられなかった．しかし子宮がんと乳がんでは，受診率の向上に伴い，死亡率が低下する傾向が認められた． 今後検診の種類による受診率の差をもたらす背景を探索する必要があると考える．The cancer mortality rate and the cancer screening rate in Tokushima Prefecture were compared with the national data of Japan in order to clarify the relationships. The cancer of stomach, lung, colorectal, uterine, and breast cancer were included in this analysis. Data were collected from databases and publications of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, National Cancer Center, and Tokushima Prefecture. Trends in the cancer mortality rates and screening rates and the relationships between the cancer mortality and screening rates were examined. Municipalities in Tokushima Prefecture were classified into １３ areas by the point of administrative boundary, and the relationships between the cancer screening rates and mortality rates in each area was examined. The mortality rates of colorectal and breast cancer, that in Tokushima Prefecture was lower than the national data. However, the screening rates of stomach and colorectal cancer, in Tokushima Prefecture were lower than the national data. The relationships between the screening rate and mortality rate for stomach cancer revealed a positive correlation in Tokushima Prefecture as well as national data. There were no apparent relationships among other cancers. There were no apparent relationships between the screening rates and the mortality rates for lung and colorectal cancer in gender. However, for uterine and breast cancer, the mortality rates tended to decrease as the screening rates increased. We thought that it is necessary to search for background to bring the difference of the screening rates by the type of cancer in future

キソン シリョウ ニ モトズク トクシマケン ニオケル コウ トウニョウビョウ シボウリツ ノ ゲンイン ニツイテ

The purpose of this study is to review the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in Tokushima Prefecture from existing data and papers for figuring out the cause. Diabetes mellitus has been recently a main serious one of lifestyle-related diseases. The problem is not only hyperglycemia deprived from diabetes mellitus but also such as diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, blindness, stroke and cardiovascular disease accompanied by the progress of diabetes. Thus, those diseases decrease a quality of life of the patients. Diabetes mellitus is thought to be a serious disease in the world and the number of the affected patients has been on the rise. International Diabetes Federation（IDF）estimates the number of diabetic patients and subjects with impaired glucose tolerance will be ３８０million（７．３％）and ４１８ million（８．０％）against the world’s population of ７．９ billion in ２０２５. The sign is not limited in developed country and also severely affected developing country. In Japan also, the number of the patients increases year by year and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare strongly takes a campaign against diabetes. Tokushima Prefecture has the highest diabetic mortality in Japan from １９９３ to ２００６, seventh place in ２００７ but first place again in ２００８. However, we cannot find factors degrading diabetes mellitus or effecting diabetic mortality. It was suggested that unknown factor or a factor beyond our expectation as well as general factors causing diabetes mellitus should be investigated

The relation between the cancer screening rate and the cancer mortality rate in Japan

The aim of this research was to clarify the relation between the screening rates for five cancers (lung cancer, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, uterus cancer, and breast cancer) and their mortality rate by using publicly accessible databases. The used information materials were those prepared by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, the Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, and the National Cancer Center. Our results were as follows : 1) regarding stomach and colorectal cancers, a positive correlation was found between the screening rate and the mortality rate (p<0.001) ; 2) in the relation between the screening rate and the mortality rate according to administrative divisions, the mortality rate decreased significantly when the lung cancer screening rate improved (p<0.005) ; 3) the mortality rate for breast cancer increased in those aged 50 or over ; 4) the mortality rate for uterus cancer had been slightly increasing since 1990 ; and 5) regarding the screening rate, a positive correlation was found between breast cancer and uterus cancer (p<0.001). In future, improvement in lifestyle and in the knowledge of cancer should be promoted to enhance the screening rates

In Vivo and In Vitro Release of Indomethacin from Water-Soluble and Fatty Base Suppositories

The plasma concentration of indomethacin was measured after the rectal administration of water-soluble and fatty base suppositories in rats. The results were compared with the in vitro indomethacin release from suppositories determined by Paddle method using three different types of membranes: cellulose membrane, artificial sausage membrane and natural sausage membrane. The plasma concentrations of indomethacin during the first 4h after the rectal administration were higher in rats that received water-soluble base suppositories than in those that received fatty base types. When either a cellulose membrane or an artificial sausage membrane of cow protein was used in the Paddle method, the amount of indomethacin released from fatty base suppositories was significantly higher than that from water-soluble base ones. However, the results were reversed when a natural sausage membrane of pig colon was used. The discrepancy in the in vitro experiments using water-soluble base suppositories seemed to be due to the difference of pore size of membrane used. Careful consideration should be given to the membrane used in the Paddle method especially when this method is employed to examine the release of poorly soluble drugs like indomethacin in both water-soluble and fatty base suppositories.</p

Evaluation of estimation of lung cancer screening rate in questionnaire group and non-selected group

本研究は，がん検診が始まる前に行われたアンケート調査が受診率に与える影響を検討することと，はがき調査回答者の受診状況のデータを基に，母集団の受診率を推計するときの問題点を検討することを目的とした．われわれが行った先行研究の，A市の肺がん検診対象者（地域検診と任意型・職域検診）の４０歳から５９歳までの１９００６人を対象とし２０００人を無作為抽出（アンケート群）し，アンケート調査およびはがき調査を行った結果を解析した．アンケート群と非抽出群における実際の肺がん地域検診受診率の差を検討した．さらに，受診後に行われたはがき調査から任意型・職域検診の受診率の推定を行った．地域検診受診率は，アンケート群では１４．５％で非抽出群の６．７％と比較して有意に高かった（p＜０．０１）．任意型・職域検診受診率は，はがき調査から推定でき，アンケート群で９．０％となり，非抽出群の４．２％と比較して有意に高かった（p＜０．０１）．はがき調査による地域検診受診者数は６０人で，A市による調査実数６１人とほぼ一致した．その時の受診率は５４．１％で，実際の受診率と比較して約４倍となった．アンケート群の受診率が非抽出群の受診率よりも有意に高くなったことは，アンケートを行ったこと自体が受診率に影響をもたらしたと考えられた．またアンケートに回答する人は，受診者に多くみられたことから，アンケートによる受診率の推計は回収率に影響された．アンケート結果の解析方法によっては，任意型・職域検診受診率を推計できた．The purposes of this study are to evaluate the effect on the screening rate by questionnaire survey conducted before the cancer screening begins, and to clarify the problem when estimate the screening rate of the population on the data of the examination situation of postcard survey respondents. The data of questionnaire and postcard survey obtained from our previous research where men and women aged ４０ to ５９ years old for lung cancer screening （population screening by municipality “A” city, and occupation-related and opportunistic screening）of１９，００６ were targeted and ２０００ （questionnaire group） were selected by random sampling method, was newly analyzed again. The difference of population screening rate between a questionnaire group and a non-selected group was compared. And occupation-related and opportunistic screening rate was estimated by postcard survey after screening. The population screening rate of １４．５％ for questionnaire group was significantly higher than that for non-selected group of ６．７％ （p＜０．０１）. The occupation-related and opportunistic screening rate was estimated by the postcard reply, and the rate was９．０％ for questionnaire group. The rate was significantly higher than ４．２％ for non-selected group （p＜０．０１）. The consultation number of population screening by postcard reply （６０ persons） was almost corresponding to the actual number by municipality survey （６１persons）. Then the rate by postcard reply was ５４．１％ and was about ４ times compared with the actual screening rate. It might be indicated that only a questionnaire survey affected screening rate because the screening rate for questionnaire group was significantly higher than that for non-selected group. And because almost every consulted people replied to the postcard, the estimated screening rate by postcard survey was affected by collection rate. Occupation-related and opportunistic screening rate could be estimated depending on the analysis of questionnaire result

Factors associated with the severity of childhood rhinoconjunctivitis

AbstractBackgroundAllergic rhinitis is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. Although it has a large impact on the patient's quality of life, little is known about the factors associated with its severity. The aim of this study was to assess the factors associated with the severity of rhinoconjunctivitis among children in the general population.MethodsA survey was conducted using an online research panel in 2012. Parents were asked to answer an International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood-based questionnaire to identify children with current rhinoconjunctivitis and evaluate factors associated with the severity of its symptoms. Severity was rated according to the degree of impairment caused by the symptoms in the patient's daily life.ResultsAmong 26,725 children aged 6–12 years old, rhinoconjunctivitis was defined in 5175 (19.4%), and of these, 688 children (13.3% of children with current rhinoconjunctivitis) presented severe symptoms. Living in areas with a high cedar and cypress pollen count and having concurrent eczema were associated with severe rhinoconjunctivitis [adjusted OR (95% CI): 1.21 (1.00–1.46) and 1.45 (1.20–1.75), respectively]. Further, a maternal history of asthma and allergic rhinitis was a significant risk factor for severe rhinoconjunctivitis [1.34 (1.04–1.74) and 1.30 (1.10–1.53), respectively]. However, living with fur-bearing animals (pets) before 1 year of age proved to be a protective factor against severe rhinoconjunctivitis [0.70 (0.52–0.94)].ConclusionsEnvironmental factors such as pets and pollen, together with comorbidities and a maternal history of allergic diseases, play an important role in determining the severity of rhinoconjunctivitis

Influence of storage temperature on indomethacin release from fatty-base suppositories in vitro and in vivo.

The release of indomethacin from fatty-base suppositories, which had been stored at a low (4 degrees C) and a high (25-30 degrees C) temperature for about one month, was examined in vitro and in vivo. In the in vivo experiments, the plasma indomethacin levels after administration of suppositories stored at different temperatures were measured in conscious and anesthetized rats. In the in vitro release test using a dialysis cell method, much lower amounts of indomethacin were released from the suppositories stored at a high temperature than from those stored at a low temperature. The melting point of suppositories stored at a high temperature was higher by approximately 2 degrees C than those stored at a low temperature. In conscious rats, the plasma indomethacin levels attained after the intrarectal administration of suppositories stored at a high temperature were slightly lower than those after the animals were given suppositories stored at a low temperature, but the difference was significant only 30 min after administration. In anesthetized rats, the plasma indomethacin levels were markedly lower than those in conscious rats, and the influence of the storage temperature on the plasma indomethacin levels was clearly observed. These results suggest that in conscious rats many factors such as a locomotor hyperactivity and enhancement of gastrointestinal motility caused by the rectal administration mask the real character of suppositories. The in vitro and in vivo results show that the release of indomethacin from fatty-base suppositories stored at a high temperature is less than the release from those stored at a low temperature.</p

Interventional study for improvement of lung cancer screening rate

The aim of this study is to evaluate whether leaflet distribution affects lung screening rate, and what factor affects the motivation of consultation. Men and women aged 40 to 59 were targeted to improve screening rate of ages for cancer screening, especially in their prime. Each 1,000 subject, a total of 2,000 were selected and divided into 8 groups in consideration of age group by random sampling method. This group was further divided into two groups, an intervention group including subjects distributed a leaflet and a non-intervention (control) group. A survey was conducted by postal self-administered survey forms. Collection rate was 21.6% for the intervention and 17.6% for the control group. The numbers of respondents who answered that this leaflet was effective for motivation of consulting lung cancer screening and the leaflet was ineffective, were 120 (60.0%) and 80 (40.0%), respectively. This indicated that the leaflet was clearly effective (p 0.01). Actual cancer screening rate was 38.8% for the intervention group and 37.7% for the control group. It was shown that distribution by mail of even a single leaflet made by National Cancer Center was effective for motivation of consultation of lung cancer screening