戦後初期における国語教育改革 : 『学習指導要領 国語科編（試案）』（一九四七年）の作成過程を中心に <第55回広島大学教育学部国語教育学会・特別研究発表>

本稿は、平成26年8月11日、第55回広島大学国語教育学会において「特別研究発表」したものに基づき、一部加除修正したものである

Research of the initial Okinawa version Japanese language textbook of the postwar period (2) : In the case of the textbook by mimeographing printing

The original textbook was edited after World War II in Okinawa. It was a textbook by mimeographing printing. It was revised several times. However, since the textbook itself hardly remains today, it is very difficult to clarify the actual condition. I investigated as much as possible. In this paper, I treated from 5-grade to 8-grade. Consequently, in this paper, the following thing was mainly clarified. 1. With new textbook, many teaching materials of the old textbook were recorded and selected succeedingly. 2. New teaching materials which covered Okinawa were also contained in new textbook. 3. New textbook was edited regardless of Japanese Monbusho. 4. Since the issue date is not entered in a new textbook, it is difficult to distinguish the first edition or a reprint. 5. There is also a page which the child replaced with the pencil in a new textbook

Research of the Okinawa-Miyakojima version Japanese-language-textbook of the postwar period -In the case of the textbook by mimeographing printing-

The original textbook was edited after World War Ⅱ in Miyakojima. It was a textbook by mimeographing printing. The textbook itself hardly remains today, so it is very difficult to clarify the actual condition. I investigated as much as possible. In this paper, I treated only 1 Japanese language textbook. Consequently, the following thing was mainly clarified. 1) Japanese language textbook was might remained only 1 books. 2) The textbook in Miyakojima was printed personally in Miyakojima. 3) Japanese grammar textbook was also edited

Enhancement of OVA-induced murine lung eosinophilia by co-exposure to contamination levels of LPS in Asian sand dust and heated dust.

BackgroundA previous study has shown that the aggravation of Asian sand dust (ASD) on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced lung eosinphilia was more severe in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-rich ASD than in SiO2-rich ASD. Therefore, the effects of different LPS contamination levels in ASD on the aggravation of OVA-induced lung eosinophilia were investigated in the present study.MethodsBefore beginning the in vivo experiment, we investigated whether the ultra-pure LPS would act only on TLR4 or not using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) of wild-type, TLR2-/-, TLR4-/- and MyD88-/- BALB/c mice. ASD collected from the desert was heated to remove toxic organic substances (H-ASD). BALB/c mice were instilled intratracheally with 12 different testing samples prepared with LPS (1&nbsp;ng and 10&nbsp;ng), H-ASD, and OVA in a normal saline solution. The lung pathology, cytological profiles in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), the levels of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in BALF and OVA-specific immunoglobulin in serum were investigated.ResultsThe LPS exhibited no response to the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in BMDMs from TLR4-/-, but did from TLR2-/-. H-ASD aggravated the LPS-induced neutrophilic lung inflammation. In the presence of OVA, LPS increased the level of eosinophils slightly and induced trace levels of Th2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 at the levels of 1&nbsp;ng and 10&nbsp;ng. In the presence of OVA and H-ASD, LPS induced severe eosinophil infiltration and proliferation of goblet cells in the airways as well as remarkable increases in Th2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 in BALF. The mixture containing LPS (1&nbsp;ng) showed adjuvant activity on OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 production.ConclusionsThe results suggest that H-ASD with naturally-occurring levels of LPS enhances OVA-induced lung eosinophilia via increases in Th2-mediated cytokines and antigen-specific immunoglobulin. These results indicate that LPS is a strong candidate for being a major aggravating substance in ASD

Lung inflammation by fungus, Bjerkandera adusta isolated from Asian sand dust (ASD) aerosol and enhancement of ovalbumin-induced lung eosinophilia by ASD and the fungus in mice.

BackgroundBjerkandera adusta (B. adusta) is one of the most important etiological fungi associated with chronic cough. However, precise details of the inflammatory response to exposure are not well understood yet. B. adusta was recently identified in Asian sand dust (ASD) aerosol. Therefore, in the present study the exacerbating effects of ASD on B. adusta-induced lung inflammation and B. adusta + ASD on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine lung eosinophilia were investigated using experimental mice.MethodsIn order to prepare testing samples, B. adusta obtained from ASD aerosol was inactivated by formalin and ASD collected from the atmosphere was heated to remove toxic organic substances (H-ASD). CD-1 mice were instilled intratracheally with 12 different samples prepared with various combinations of B. adusta, H-ASD, and OVA in a normal saline solution. The lung pathology, cytological profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and the levels of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in BALF were investigated.ResultsH-ASD aggravated the lung eosinophilia induced by B. adusta alone, which also aggravated the lung eosinophilia induced by OVA. The mixture of OVA, H-ASD, and B. adusta caused serious fibrous thickening of the subepithelial layer, eosinophil infiltration, and proliferation of goblet cells in the airways along with remarkable increases of IL-13, eotaxin, IL-5, and MCP-3 in BALF.ConclusionsThe results of the present study demonstrated that B. adusta isolated from ASD aerosol induces allergic lung diseases. H-ASD enhanced allergic reactions caused by OVA or B. adusta. A mixture of B. adusta, H-ASD, and OVA caused the most remarkable exacerbation to the allergic airway inflammation via remarkable increases of pro-inflammatory mediators

戦後初期における入門期国語教科書の改革

『まことさんはなこさん』・『いなかのいちにち』・『いさむさんのうち』（1949年、写真１）は、戦後初期における入門期国語教科書として編纂された。GHQ/CIE係官として着任したヤイディ（Jeidy）及びストリックランド（Strickland）は、その中身（内容・表現）について厳しく検閲した。内容としては連続性のある読み物（ストーリーメソッド）に、また表現については語彙の提出を少数にすることを求めた。文部省は、これらの指示に基づいて、入門期国語教科書を大改訂した。こうしてできあがった３冊の入門期国語教科書の編纂方法は、これに続く検定国語教科書の編纂方法に大きな影響を与えた。これら入門期国語教科書の編纂は、母語学習の国語教科書編纂に外国の検閲（指導）を受けたという点で、国語教科書史上まさに画期的なできごとであった