4 research outputs found
High-Throughput Analysis of Ligand-Induced Internalization of β<sub>2</sub>-Adrenoceptors Using the Coiled-Coil TagâProbe Method
Receptor internalization is a useful indicator of the
activity
of ligands. The N-terminus of the β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic receptor
expressed on the cell surface was labeled with fluorophores using
a novel coiled-coil labeling system. Endocytosis of the receptors
was automatically detected using a fluorescence image analyzer by
evaluating (1) translocation of the receptor from cell-surface to
intracellular regions and (2) acidification in endosomes. Both parameters
increased upon agonist stimulation in a dose-dependent manner. The
extent of endocytosis was significantly dependent on the agonist used,
indicating the presence of a biased signaling for endocytosis. The
receptor antagonists can also be screened by competitive inhibition
of agonist-induced endocytosis. The image analysis approach has proven
to be useful for high-throughput characterization and screening of
GPCR ligands
Stoichiometric Analysis of Oligomerization of Membrane Proteins on Living Cells Using Coiled-Coil Labeling and Spectral Imaging
Many membrane proteins are proposed
to work as oligomers; however, the conclusion is sometimes controversial,
as for β<sub>2</sub>-adorenergic receptor (β<sub>2</sub>AR), which is one of the best-studied family A G-protein-coupled
receptors. This is due to the lack of methods for easy and precise
detection of the oligomeric state of membrane proteins on living cells.
Here, we show that a combination of the coiled-coil tagâprobe
labeling method and spectral imaging enable a stoichiometric analysis
of the oligomeric state of membrane proteins on living cells using
monomeric, dimeric, and tetrameric standard membrane proteins. Using
this method, we found that β<sub>2</sub>ARs do not form constitutive
homooligomers, while they exhibit their functions such as the cyclic
adenosine 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) signaling and internalization
upon agonist stimulation
Cholesterol-Induced Lipophobic Interaction between Transmembrane Helices Using Ensemble and Single-Molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
The solvent environment regulates
the conformational dynamics and
functions of solvated proteins. In cell membranes, cholesterol, a
major eukaryotic lipid, can markedly modulate protein dynamics. To
investigate the nonspecific effects of cholesterol on the dynamics
and stability of helical membrane proteins, we monitored associationâdissociation
dynamics on the antiparallel dimer formation of two simple transmembrane
helices (AAÂLÂAÂLÂAA)<sub>3</sub> with single-molecule
fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) using Cy3B- and Cy5-labeled
helices in lipid vesicles (time resolution of 17 ms). The incorporation
of 30 mol % cholesterol into phosphatidylcholine bilayers significantly
stabilized the helix dimer with average lifetimes of 450â170
ms in 20â35 °C. Ensemble FRET measurements performed at
15â55 °C confirmed the cholesterol-induced stabilization
of the dimer (at 25 °C, ÎÎ<i>G</i><sub>a</sub> = â9 kJ mol<sup>â1</sup> and ÎÎ<i>H</i><sub>a</sub> = â60 kJ mol<sup>â1</sup>),
most of which originated from âlipophobicâ interactions
by reducing helixâlipid contacts and the lateral pressure in
the hydrocarbon core region. The temperature dependence of the dissociation
process (activation energy of 48 kJ) was explained by the Kramers-type
frictional barrier in membranes without assuming an enthalpically
unfavorable transition state. In addition to these observations, cholesterol-induced
tilting of the helices, a positive Î<i>C</i><sub><i>p</i>(a)</sub>, and slower dimer formation compared with the
random collision rate were consistent with a hypothetical model in
which cholesterol stabilizes the helix dimer into an hourglass shape
to relieve the lateral pressure. Thus, the liposomal single-molecule
approach highlighted the significance of the cholesterol-induced basal
force for interhelical interactions, which will aid discussions of
complex proteinâmembrane systems
Paradoxical Downregulation of CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 Induced by Polyphemusin II-Derived Antagonists
CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a G protein-coupled
receptor
implicated in cell entry of T-cell line-tropic HIV-1 strains. CXCR4
and its ligand stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXCL12 play pivotal
parts in many physiological processes and pathogenetic conditions
(e.g., immune cell-homing and cancer metastasis). We previously developed
the potent CXCR4 antagonist T140 from structureâactivity relationship
studies of the antimicrobial peptide polyphemusin II. T140 and its
derivatives have been exploited in biological and biomedical studies
for the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis. We investigated receptor localization upon
ligand stimulation using fluorescent SDF-1 and T140 derivatives as
well as a specific labeling technique for cellular-membrane CXCR4.
Fluorescent T140 derivatives induced translocation of CXCR4 into the
perinuclear region as observed by treatment with fluorescent SDF-1.
T140 derivative-mediated internalization of CXCR4 was also monitored
by the coiled-coil tag-probe system. These findings demonstrated that
the CXCR4 antagonistic activity and anti-HIV activity of T140 derivatives
were derived (at least in part) from antagonist-mediated receptor
internalization