Animalia kingdoms statistics: Modified pareto (Zipf-Mandelbrot, dashed line) best fit vs. Kummer best fit.

<p>Animalia kingdoms statistics: Modified pareto (Zipf-Mandelbrot, dashed line) best fit vs. Kummer best fit.</p

Tour de force of BDM statistics: Pareto plots are presented for empirical datasets obtained from independent studies across many disciplines.

<p>The best fit values of and are given for each item. (a) Distribution of number of chromosome abberations in cancer tumors <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026480#pone.0026480-Mitelman1" target="_blank">[26]</a>. (b) Surname statistics from the 1790 US census. The growth rate () was inferred <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026480#pone.0026480-Maruvka1" target="_blank">[15]</a> from historical censuses in England, and the fit retrieves the “mutation” (surname changes) rate to be . (c) WWW: number of sites with certain degree of links as a function of the degree. The set of 200 million web pages with 1,500 million hyperlinks first considered by Broder et. al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026480#pone.0026480-Broder1" target="_blank">[31]</a> has been analyzed. . (d) Internet (physical structure) - number of nodes with links vs. m. Data obtained from DIMES web site (<a href="http://www.netdimes.org" target="_blank">www.netdimes.org</a>). . (e) Clusters of trees in the tropical forest. Shown here is the number of clusters of size for <i>Hybanthus pronifolius</i>, the most frequent species in the Barro-Colorado Island plot <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026480#pone.0026480-Hubbell2" target="_blank">[32]</a>. (f) Species abundance ratio in the tropical forest <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026480#pone.0026480-Hubbell2" target="_blank">[32]</a>. Here . (g) Human insurgency: number of terror attacks with casualties vs. . Data from Global Terrorism Database, START (<a href="http://www.start.umd.edu" target="_blank">http://www.start.umd.edu</a>). . (h) Number of Norwegian firms with employees, as obtained from statistics Norway website, <a href="http://www.ssb.no" target="_blank">www.ssb.no</a>. (Data for 2010). . (i) Species within genera statistics for the Plantae kingdom <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026480#pone.0026480-Bisby1" target="_blank">[24] </a>.</p

Precise predictions of the fixation probability of type-2 cells by systematic calculations of all transitions.

<p>The figure shows the dependence of the probability that type-2 cells are fixed at time <i>t</i> on various parameters. Results by systematic calculations, <i>W</i>(0,0,<i>t</i>), are indicated in curves and those from direct computer simulations are shown by dots. Parameter values are and ; ; (a–c) ; (d–f) ; (g–i) ; (a), (d), and (g) ; (b), (e), and (h) ; and (c), (f), and (i) . Circles and thin curves represent , triangles and dotted lines represent , and stars and bold lines represent .</p

Schematic illustration of the model.

<p>Panel a shows the previously published approach to describing the evolutionary dynamics of two mutations in a fixed-size population of cells; only the transitions between homogeneous populations are considered. Panel b displays our novel approach, which encompasses considering the transitions in a heterogeneous population in detail.</p

Cells from different organisms are clustered separately in the lineage tree.

<p>Two reconstructed lineage trees are shown: (A) A lineage tree containing cells from three mice, M3 (blue), M5 (pink) and M6 (green). (B) A lineage tree containing cells from seven humans, H1 (blue), H2 (red), H3 (orange), H4 (pink), H5 (green), H6 (purple) and H7 (turquoise). The root of the trees (colored in black) is the weighted mean of the organisms' putative zygotes. The trees were reconstructed using the NJ algorithm along with the Normalized-Absolute distance measure.</p

Performance summary of all the methods on all the datasets of mice and humans.

<p>Upper panels – Mouse, Lower panels- Human. Each column presents a different clustering measure (see <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003297#s4" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> for details), and each bar represents a different distance measure, where the colors specify the distance measures as noted in the legend. The first and the second group of bars (from left to right) present the results using the NJ algorithm and the QMC algorithm respectively. Rows description: (A) The average score of all the methods, where higher values (that are transformations of the real scores) indicate better performance. (B) The number of times every method received the highest rank (for the mouse panel the highest rank is 20 since we compared 20 methods, and for the human panel the highest rank is 12).</p

Depth quality of the different methods.

<p>Each column presents a different depth quality measure (see <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003297#s4" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> for details), and each bar represents a different distance measure, where the colors specify the distance measures as noted in the legend. Rows description: (A) The average depth score of all the methods, where lower values for the KS test, lower values for the overlap percentage and higher values for the normalized distance test mean better performance. (B)The number of times every method received the highest rank (in this case it is 10 since we compared 10 methods).</p