3 research outputs found
Induced Infiltration of Hole-Transporting Polymer into Photocatalyst for Staunch Polymer–Metal Oxide Hybrid Solar Cells
For
efficient solar cells based on organic semiconductors, a good
mixture of photoactive materials in the bulk heterojunction on the
length scale of several tens of nanometers is an important requirement
to prevent exciton recombination. Herein, we demonstrate that nanoporous
titanium dioxide inverse opal structures fabricated using a self-assembled
monolayer method and with enhanced infiltration of electron-donating
polymers is an efficient electron-extracting layer, which enhances
the photovoltaic performance. A calcination process generates an inverse
opal structure of titanium dioxide (<70 nm of pore diameters) providing
three-dimensional (3D) electron transport pathways. Hole-transporting
polymers was successfully infiltrated into the pores of the surface-modified
titanium dioxide under vacuum conditions at 200 °C. The resulting
geometry expands the interfacial area between hole- and electron-transport
materials, increasing the thickness of the active layer. The controlled
polymer-coating process over titanium dioxide materials enhanced photocurrent
of the solar cell device. Density functional theory calculations show
improved interfacial adhesion between the self-assembled monolayer-modified
surface and polymer molecules, supporting the experimental result
of enhanced polymer infiltration into the voids. These results suggest
that the 3D inverse opal structure of the surface-modified titanium
dioxide can serve as a favorable electron-extracting layer in further
enhancing optoelectronic performance based on organic or organic–inorganic
hybrid solar cell
Enhanced Electrochemical Stability of a Zwitterionic-Polymer-Functionalized Electrode for Capacitive Deionization
In
capacitive deionization, the salt-adsorption capacity of the electrode
is critical for the efficient softening of brackish water. To improve
the water-deionization capacity, the carbon electrode surface is modified
with ion-exchange resins. Herein, we introduce the encapsulation of
zwitterionic polymers over activated carbon to provide a resistant
barrier that stabilizes the structure of electrode during electrochemical
performance and enhances the capacitive deionization efficiency. Compared
to conventional activated carbon, the surface-modified activated carbon
exhibits significantly enhanced capacitive deionization, with a salt
adsorption capacity of ∼2.0 × 10<sup>–4</sup> mg/mL
and a minimum conductivity of ∼43 μS/cm in the alkali-metal
ions solution. Encapsulating the activated-carbon surface increased
the number of ions adsorption sites and the surface area of the electrode,
which improved the charge separation and deionization efficiency.
In addition, the coating layer suppresses side reactions between the
electrode and electrolyte, thus providing a stable cyclability. Our
experimental findings suggest that the well-distributed coating layer
leads to a synergistic effect on the enhanced electrochemical performance.
In addition, density functional theory calculation reveals that a
favorable binding affinity exists between the alkali-metal ion and
zwitterionic polymer, which supports the preferable salt ions adsorption
on the coating layer. The results provide useful information for designing
more efficient capacitive-deionization electrodes that require high
electrochemical stability
Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition for Lithium Metal Anodes with Interconnected Microsphere Protection
A lithium
(Li) metal anode is required to achieve a high-energy-density
battery, but because of an undesirable growth of Li dendrites, it
still has safety and cyclability issues. In this study, we have developed
a microsphere-protected (MSP) Li metal anode to suppress the growth
of Li dendrites. Microspheres could guide Li ions to selective areas
and pressurize dendrites during their growth. Interconnections between
microspheres improved the pressurization. By using an MSP Li metal
anode in a 200 mAh pouch-type Li/NCA full cell at 4.2 V, dendrite-free
Li deposits with a density of 0.4 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, which is 3 times
greater than that in the case of bare Li metal, were obtained after
charging at 2.9 mAh/cm<sup>2</sup>. The MSP Li metal enhanced the
cyclability to 190 cycles with a criterion of 90% capacity retention
of the initial discharge capacity at a current density of 1.45 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>