Association of tobacco smoking with risk of cause-specific death by study populations in Asia.

a<p>Number of deaths among ever-smokers/never-smokers are presented.</p>b<p>HRs estimated for ever-smokers compared with never-smokers and adjusted for age, education, rural/urban residence, marital status, and body mass index; data from participants with <1 y of follow-up are excluded.</p><p>Analyses were conducted among those age 45 y or older.</p>c<p>HR not estimated because of small sample size.</p><p>CHD, coronary heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p

Association of tobacco smoking with risk of death from all causes in selected study populations in Asia.

a<p>Adjusted for age, education, rural/urban resident, marital status, and body mass index; data from participants with <1 y of follow-up are excluded.</p><p>Analyses were conducted among those age 45 y or older.</p>b<p>Including data from mainland China, Taiwan, Singapore, Republic of Korea, and Japan.</p>c<p>Including data from India and Bangladesh.</p

Smoking prevalence, population attributable risk, and number of deaths due to tobacco smoking in selected Asian populations.

<p>Estimates are provided for populations age 45 y or older.</p>a<p>Because of the small sample size in the current study for these populations, data for smoking prevalence rates were obtained from other sources: Bangladeshi men and women: <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001631#pmed.1001631-Giovino1" target="_blank">[12]</a>, Taiwanese women: <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001631#pmed.1001631-Liaw1" target="_blank">[19]</a>, and Korean women: <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001631#pmed.1001631-Jee1" target="_blank">[34]</a>.</p>b<p>PARs were estimated using HRs derived from all South Asian cohorts combined because of unstable HR estimates using Bangladeshi data alone.</p>c<p>Mortality data for Taiwan were obtained from <a href="http://www.mohw.gov.tw/CHT/Ministry/Index.aspx" target="_blank">http://www.mohw.gov.tw/CHT/Ministry/Index.aspx</a>.</p>d<p>PARs were estimated using weighted HRs and smoking prevalence of the study populations.</p><p>Thus, the number of deaths attributable to smoking in these populations may not be equal to the sum of the numbers of deaths from the countries in the population areas. East Asia: mainland China, Taiwan, Singapore, Republic of Korea, and Japan. South Asia: Bangladesh and India. All populations: all seven countries/regions listed above.</p

Association of tobacco smoking with risk of death from all causes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, or respiratory diseases in major East Asian female populations.

a<p>Excluding participants with less than 1 y of follow-up.</p>b<p>Adjusted for age, education, rural/urban resident, marital status, and body mass index.</p><p>Analyses were conducted among those age 45 y or older.</p>c<p>Excluding current smokers with missing information on pack-years of smoking.</p