Evolution of Science and Technology Policy in Korea

This paper provides an overview of the key policy instruments and capacity building policy tools used in each development phase of science and technology in Korea. In the 1960s and 70s, the Korean government built an institutional foundation for the development of science and technology. In the later part of the 60s, the Ministry of Science and Technology and the governmentfunded research institute became key organizations to implementation of policies intended to foster the advance of science and technology in Korea. The Korean government also focused on learning about and absorbing foreign technologies by licensing and by importing capital goods. From 1980 to 1997, the Korean government shifted its policy direction from technology learning to developing by its own scientific and technological capacity in high-technology sectors, which requires an indigenous R&D capability. It launched large-scale R&D programs that targeted certain fields to close what was a large gap between advanced countries and Korea. Korea became a fast follower, making a massive investment in certain fields, such as the semiconductor, electronics, steel and chemical industries. In the late 1990s, the Korean government developed a plan to build a national science and technology innovation system. Although the relevant infrastructures had been in place for 40 years and an R&D capability for innovation was in the works, those were not perceived to be systematically working together, which is crucial for sustainable innovation. The government response to this problem was to design a policy that tried to systemize the whole process of science and technology innovation

e-Government for Better Civil Services: How the Korean Government Implemented the e-Registration System

Countries around the world use information technologies to interact with their citizens, provide information, enable service delivery, and perform other government functions—a phenomenon referred to as e-government. The Republic of Korea is widely regarded as a leader in the realm of e-government (Centre for Public Impact, 2016; UNDESA, 2018; Ewha Women’s University, 2016). One area in which e-government systems have been deployed in the Korean government is in the digitization of that country’s national Resident Registration System (RRS). This electronic RRS (E-RRS) is integrated with systems that link information held by government agencies, enabling them to share administrative information more effectively to administer a wide range of government services. This system drew on the residence registration number (RRN), a unique national identification issued to each Korean citizen, which are in turn linked to resident registration cards (RRCs). The use of RRCs is tied to a wide variety of key activities, among others “elections, tax collection and revenue services, school enrollment and assignment, military conscription and affairs, welfare services, and housing” (Yoon 2015). Prior to the establishment of the E-RRS, Koreans needed to obtain a variety of paper certificates to access public services. For example, to access social welfare services, data from multiple ministries, insurance systems, and income information needed to be gathered and attached by the applicant. This was less convenient for citizens who needed to gather this information, imposed a significant burden of paperwork on officials, and had costs for government (see for example, Kim Yeong-Mi, et al. 2007, in Yoon 2017). The E-RRS made it possible for Korean citizens to access an extensive range of public services using just their RRN/RRC, often online through a system of government websites, and for government systems to automatically share and check information rather than requiring the submission of additional forms. These services included obtaining a birth certificate, health insurance, paying taxes, accessing pensions, military service registration, and welfare and social programs. This case study (prepared by Ji Woong Yoon) and delivery note (adapted by Jacob Bathanti based on the case study for the Global Delivery Initiative) examines how the government of Korea was able to create the E-RRS and harness it to more efficiently provide services

Toward a Theory of the Primo Vascular System: A Hypothetical Circulatory System at the Subcellular Level

This paper suggests a theoretical framework for the primo vascular system (PVS), a hypothetical circulatory system, in which extracellular DNA microvesicles interact to form and break down cell structures. Since Bonghan Kim reported the existence of Bonghan ducts and the SNU research team reinvestigated and named it the PVS, there has been series of studies trying to examine its structure and functions. In this paper, we hypothesize that the PVS is the network system in which extracellular DNA microvesicles circulate and interact at the subcellular level, forming and breaking down cell structures. This idea integrates A. Béchamp’s idea of microzymas and Bonghan Kim’s idea of sanals. A proof of this idea may complement modern medical theory, perhaps providing an essential clue for an alternative solution dealing with modern healthcare problem

Long-term Results of Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty with and without Patellar Resurfacing

Among patients that underwent total knee arthroplasty from June, 1990 to January, 1999, 61 cases (44 patients) that could be followed for more than 10 years were included in this study. The patients were divided into a patellar retention group and a patellar resurfacing group, and were compared with regard to their clinical and radiological outcomes. In patients undergoing primary TKA, a selective patellar resurfacing protocol was used. The indications for patellar retention were a small patella, nearly normal articular cartilage, minimal preoperative patellofemoral pain, poor patellar bone quality, and young patient age. When patellar retention was performed, osteophytes of the patella were removed and marginal electrocauterization was carried out. There were 25 cases (20 patients) in the patellar retention group and 36 cases (29 patients) in the patellar resurfacing group. The mean follow-up period was 140.7 months in the patellar retention group and 149.0 months in the patellar resurfacing group. The selective patellar resurfacing with total knee arthroplasty had a favorable outcome;there were a significant difference noted between the 2 groups in the functional scores, which showed better outcomes in the patellar resurfacing group than in the patellar retention group

Carbon Dioxide-Catalyzed Stereoselective Cyanation Reaction

© 2019 American Chemical Society.We report a Michael-type cyanation reaction of coumarins by using CO2 as a catalyst. The delivery of the nucleophilic cyanide was realized by catalytic amounts of CO2, which forms cyanoformate and bicarbonate in the presence of water. Under ambient conditions, CO2-catalyzed reactions afforded high chemo- A nd diastereoselectivity of β-nitrile carbonyls, whereas only low reactivities were observed under argon or N2. Computational and experimental data suggest the catalytic role of CO2, which functions as a Lewis acid, and a protecting group to mask the reactivity of the product, suppressing byproducts and polymerization. The utility of this convenient method was demonstrated by preparing biologically relevant heterocyclic compounds with ease11sciescopu

History of Bioelectrical Study and the Electrophysiology of the Primo Vascular System

Background. Primo vascular system is a new anatomical structure whose research results have reported the possibility of a new circulatory system similar to the blood vascular system and cells. Electrophysiology, which measures and analyzes bioelectrical signals tissues and cells, is an important research area for investigating the function of tissues and cells. The bioelectrical study of the primo vascular system has been reported by using modern techniques since the early 1960s by Bonghan Kim. This paper reviews the research result of the electrophysiological study of the primo vascular system for the discussion of the circulatory function. We hope it would help to study the electrophysiology of the primo vascular system for researchers. This paper will use the following exchangeable expressions: Kyungrak system = Bonghan system = Bonghan circulatory system = primo vascular system = primo system; Bonghan corpuscle = primo node; Bonghan duct = primo vessel. We think that objective descriptions of reviewed papers are more important than unified expressions when citing the papers. That said, this paper will unify the expressions of the primo vascular system