Effects of elevated [CO₂] on the content of adenosine in root.

<p>Each bar represents the standard error of the difference between treatments (<i>n</i> = 3).</p

Effects of elevated [CO₂] on dry weight of leaf and root per plant.

<p>Each bar represents the standard error of the difference between treatments (<i>n</i> = 3). *p≤0.05.</p

Effects of elevated [CO₂] on chloroplast ultrastructure in mesophyll cells of <i>I. indigotica</i> leaf.

<p><i>A</i>–<i>C</i>: Chloroplast ultrastructure of <i>I. indigotica</i> leaf grown in ambient (×8,000, ×30,000, ×80,000). <i>D</i>-<i>F</i>: Chloroplast ultrastructure of <i>I. indigotica</i> leaf grown under elevated [CO₂] (×8,000, ×30,000, ×80,000). S: starch grain; GR: grana layer; CM: chloroplast membrane; CH: chloroplast; CW: cell wall; N: nucleus.</p

HPLC chromatograms of adenosine standard, samples of the root under ambient [CO₂] and elevated [CO₂].

<p>Peak #1 is adenosine commercial standard. A: Representative chromatogram for adenosine standard (The contents of adenosine were 0.0272 mg/ml. Five concentrations of adenosine standard have been measured for the standard curve: 0.0068, 0.0136, 0.0272, 0.0544 and 0.068 mg/ml). B: Root sample chromatogram under ambient [CO₂](one out of three replicates). C: Root sample chromatogram under elevated [CO₂] (one out of three replicates).</p

Effects of elevated [CO₂] on gas exchange parameters in the last fully-expanded leaves of <i>I. indigotica.</i>

<p>Measurement was taken on their respective [CO₂]. Values are means ± standard error of variables across the three replicates; three plants were tested in each plot. The statistical significance level for the effects of [CO₂] treatment, growth stage and their interaction was tested. <i>P</i>_N - net photosynthetic rate; g_s- stomatal conductance; <i>T</i>r - transpiration ratio; WUE- water use efficiency; <i>V</i>_c,max- maximum velocity of carboxylation; <i>J</i>_max - maximum rate of electron transport.</p

Effects of elevated [CO₂] on chloroplast feature of <i>I. indigotica.</i>

<p>Values are means ± standard error from three plants. Number of starch grains per chloroplast profile was determined from 50 chloroplasts. Area per starch grain was determined from 50 starch grains. The statistical significance level for the effects of [CO₂] treatment was tested.</p

Efficient Sample Preparation System for Multi-Omics Analysis via Single Cell Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a powerful tool for metabolome, lipidome, and proteome analyses. The efficient analysis of multi-omics in single cells, however, is still challenging in the manipulation of single cells and lack of in-fly cellular digestion and extraction approaches. Here, we present a streamlined strategy for highly efficient and automatic single-cell multi-omics analysis by MS. We developed a 10-pL-level microwell chip for housing individual single cells, whose proteins were found to be digested in 5 min, which is 144 times shorter than traditional bulk digestion. Besides, an automated picoliter extraction system was developed for sampling of metabolites, phospholipids, and proteins in tandem from the same single cell. Also, 2 min MS2 spectra were obtained from 700 pL solution of a single cell sample. In addition, 1391 proteins, phospholipids, and metabolites were detected from one single cell within 10 min. We further analyzed cells digested from cancer tissue samples, achieving up to 40% increase in cell classification accuracy using multi-omics analysis in comparison with single-omics analysis. This automated single-cell MS strategy is highly efficient in analyzing multi-omics information for investigation of cell heterogeneity and phenotyping for biomedical applications