Distributivity in congruence lattices of graph inverse semigroups

Let {\Gamma} be a directed graph and Inv({\Gamma}) be the graph inverse semigroup of {\Gamma}. Luo and Wang [7] showed that the congruence lattice C(Inv({\Gamma})) of any graph inverse semigroup Inv({\Gamma}) is upper semimodular, but not lower semimodular in general. Anagnostopoulou-Merkouri, Mesyan and Mitchell characterized the directed graph {\Gamma} for which C(Inv({\Gamma})) is lower semimodular [2]. In the present paper, we show that the lower semimodularity, modularity and distributivity in the congruence lattice C(Inv({\Gamma})) of any graph inverse semigroup Inv({\Gamma}) are equivalent.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figure

An evaluation on mechanisms of miscibility development in acid gas injection for volatile oil reservoirs

International audienceProduced gas containing the acid gas reinjection is one of the effective enhanced oil recovery methods, not only saving costs of disposing acid gases and zero discharge of greenhouse gases but also supporting reservoir pressure. The subsurface fluid from the Carboniferous carbonate reservoir in the southern margin of the Pre-Caspian basin in Central Asia has low density, low viscosity, high concentrations of H2S (15%) and CO2 (4%), high solution gas/oil ratio. The reservoir is lack of fresh water because of being far away onshore. Pilot test has already been implemented for the acid gas reinjection. Firstly, in our work a scheme of crude oil composition grouping with 15 compositions was presented on the basis of bottomhole sampling from DSTs of four wells. After matching PVT physical experiments including viscosity, density and gas/oil ratio and pressure–temperature (P–T) phase diagram by tuning critical properties of highly uncertain heavy components, the compositional model with phase behavior was built under meeting accuracy of phase fitting, which was used to evaluate mechanism of miscibility development in the acid gas injection process. Then using a cell-to-cell simulation method, vaporizing and/or condensing gas drive mechanisms were investigated for mixtures consisting of various proportions of CH4, CO2 and H2S in the gas injection process. Moreover, effects of gas compositions on miscible mechanisms have also been determined. With the aid of pressure-composition diagrams and pseudoternary diagrams generated from the Equation of State (EoS), pressures of First Contact Miscibility (FCM) and Multiple Contact Miscibility (MCM) for various gases mixing with the reservoir oil sample under reservoir temperature were calculated. Simulation results show that pressures of FCM are higher than those of MCM, and CO2 and H2S are able to reduce the miscible pressure. At the same time, H2S is stronger. As the CH4 content increases, both pressures of FCM and MCM are higher. But incremental values of MCM decrease. In addition, calculated envelopes of pseudoternary diagrams for mixtures of CH4, CO2 and H2S gases of varying composition with acid gas injection have features of bell shape, hourglass shape and triangle shape, which can be used to identify vaporizing and/or condensing gas drives. Finally, comparison of the real produced gas and the one deprived of its C3+ was performed to determine types of miscibility and calculate pressures of FCM and MCM. This study provides a theoretical guideline for selection of injection gas to improve miscibility and oil recovery

A Novel Compact Planar Phase Shifter with a Microstrip Radial Stub

Abstract: This paper presents a novel compact phase shifter with simple planar structure. The configuration consists of a microstrip line and a microstrip radial stub to implement wide-band phase shifting functions. Changing the length of the microstrip line and the angle of the radial stub, arbitrary phase differences can be obtained. For demonstration purpose, a 45° and 90° phase shifter are designed, fabricated and measured. The good agreements verify our proposed structure and design method